911 may grant overdosestricklin-king obituaries

The .gov means its official. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for authors (KW, BL, PJD) but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Get medical help immediately. To maximize effectiveness, it is imperative to center the perspectives of PWUDs when designing and implementing interventions. The categories and themes are summarized in Table 1. 9-1-1 Operator at Los Angeles Service Center (formerly)College Student Biographical Information In some areas, for example, laws are limited to a one-time use per person or disregarded if youre found to have more than a small amount of drugs. YeahI overdosed, they call[ed] the cops for me. Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America. We break down what actually happens when you call 911 and offer tips to reduce your chances of having to . Unlike many members of the general public, who do not often question that a call to 911 will result in a helpful emergency medical response, PWUDs are among those who weigh the risks associated with a call for help and perceive that harmful actions could result [9, 10, 30]. In discussing how law enforcement officers may arrive on scene to support the emergency medical response team, one respondent opined that the decisions about overdose response are made outside the drug using community. She turned to Bobby when Athena's at work and he reassured her by saying that it's natural to feel like that after a loss and that there is nothing wrong with caring like that. Typically, calls are received by a public safety answering point (PSAP), which identifies the nature of the emergency and either dispatches responders immediately or transfers the call to a more specialized secondary PSAP [8]. These laws vary in specifics, but theyre designed to protect people who step in to help someone in distress, like an overdose. Additionally, several (n = 5) participants themselves overdosed and a bystander called 911 on their behalf. Received 2019 Jun 19; Accepted 2019 Sep 30. Family The concern about timing was mostly related to the anticipation that the patient would be experiencing withdrawal symptoms from the opioid overdose reversal, and therefore would not be able to retain or process the information they were given. Poppers have been a party drug for decades, but what are they, and what do they do, exactly? Claudette was impressed with how May handled that call and told her that she is hard on her because she can see her potential to be a great dispatcher. withdrawal in opioid-tolerant individuals may be unpleasant, it is not life threatening. Results are organized into 4 categories: willingness to call 911 (benefits and risks of calling), thoughts about a technique to identify opioid overdoses in 911 data (benefits and concerns), thoughts about the proposed post-overdose intervention (benefits and concerns), and recommendations for developing an ideal post-overdose intervention. As a paramedic, chemist, and researcher, I find this limbo we force upon people who use drugs call 911 and face arrest and trauma, or accept that you may watch your friend die without aid deeply unjust. Some participants believed that some callers have reasons for not disclosing the nature of the call, and that a technique like this would override that choice. Theyre going to start harassing me again.. Later, she goes on to say, I fear CPS so much, because my children are my world, you know? The technique to identify opioid overdoses and the proposed post-overdose intervention were identified as potentially lifesaving, but the benefits were balanced by concerns related to law enforcement involvement, intervention timing, and risks to privacy/reputation. All things. This study should be considered in light of its limitations. Based on the answers to those questions, they send out police, fire, and/or emergency medical services (EMS) as needed. We conducted three focus groups to elicit the perspectives of PWUDs about a machine-learning technique to identify opioid overdose cases in 911 data and a post-overdose intervention that would be deployed to provide naloxone, training in overdose risk reduction techniques, and/or connection to services like methadone, buprenorphine, or syringe . In our study, respondents demonstrated a high level of understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying opioid overdose and the recommended treatment, which affirms previous research demonstrating high levels of knowledge related to opioid overdose among PWUDs [36, 37]. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. He only asked to be part of Denny's life, something they consider. Even if you have naloxone on hand and can administer it, you may still want to call for extra support. For example, one respondent said. All rights reserved. Later in the conversation, this respondent talked about fear of facing murder charges if she were at the scene of a fatal overdose. A few years after her suicide attempt, Laila, her former high school bully, reached out to her to apologize for what happened. [8], After meeting Claudette Collins for the first time, May felt intimidated by her, as she was dismissive of her and condescending towards her. Never use drugs alone, and dont let your friends use drugs alone, either. The person who shows up? Public health systems must account for the fact that a large share of overdoses will never come to the attention of the emergency response system until fears are mitigated and trust is restored. The most frequent deviation from the training was regarding calling 911. Bystander response to opioid overdose ideally involves administering naloxone, providing rescue breathing, and calling 911 to summon emergency medical assistance. In terms of intervention content, respondents stressed that simply providing referrals is not enough. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. This study was motivated by a concern that a well-meaning public health-minded intervention could also produce significant harm to the people it is supposed to benefit. "Caught with a body" yet protected by law? May Grant Transcripts were read in their entirety and memos were used to document initial impressions. The first respondent also highlights that a call to 911 could threaten ones privacy and impact ones reputation. Concerns related to the technique focused on two domains: inaccuracy and privacy. However, given the well-established findings regarding the deterrents to calling 911, we first sought to investigate the ethics and acceptability of such an initiative with PWUDs. All rights reserved. These programs typically train bystanders to respond to opioid overdose by administering naloxone, providing rescue breathing and/or CPR, and summoning emergency medical assistance by calling 911. They discussed barriers to access to care for opioid overdose (risks associated with calling 911) and proposed a solution (an alternative number to summon emergency medical assistance), highlighted the value of peer support specialists as empathetic interventionists who can provide support, and described how the intervention could benefit patients and their families and friends. If the person still isnt waking up after you do this, its time to call 911 or local emergency services. For example, one respondent said, I feel threatened every time if I have to call for assistance, because of cops.Now, if a friend is overdosing, Oh shit. This study examined the overall impact of jail incarceration on overdose, the specific hazard for those booked on a syringe-related charge and the proportion of all overdose decedents in the community who were in the jail prior to death. An opioid overdose can occur for a variety of reasons, including: When a person overdoses on an illicit opioid drug such as heroin or morphine Dont be afraid to use it. R: Well I guess if theyre focused specifically, if they go into it specifically focused on, with it in their head that this is an overdose, then it might delay them from taking the measures that they need if it was something else. Seal KH, Thawley R, Gee L, Bamberger J, Kral AH, Ciccarone D, et al. Patient centered care (PCC) is a perspective that prioritizes attention to the patients experience of illness and health care in the design and delivery of high quality care [34]. Opioid overdose deaths have increased exponentially in the United States. Nathaniel later spoke with Hen and Karen realized Denny was under great care in the Wilson household and didn't feel the need to fight for his custody anyway. Little is known about the opinions of PWUDs about the barriers, benefits, or potential harms of post-overdose interventions linked to the 911 system. 9-1-1's latest episode ended with a heartbreaking cliffhanger. Athena Grant (mother)Michael Grant (father)Bobby Nash (stepfather)Harry Grant (younger brother)Beatrice Carter (maternal grandmother)Samuel Carter (maternal grandfather)Unnamed Paternal GrandmotherHarry Grant (paternal grandfather) For example, participants in an opioid overdose prevention program in Los Angeles, California, USA reported that law enforcement officers responded to 67% of events, and someone was arrested in 14% of events [15]. 7 The FDA has approved an injectable naloxone, an intranasal naloxone, and a naloxone auto- injector as emergency treatments for opioid overdose. The ultimate consequence for her would be going to prison, though she says she would be willing to face that consequence in the interest of saving a life. If you suspect that someone has taken an overdose or has been poisoned, do not try to treat them yourself. However, fears related to using the 911 system to summon emergency medical assistance were pervasive. May decided to meet her for coffee and heard her out because she felt like she at least owed it to her to listen. We present findings related to four a priori categories that formed the basis for our inquiry: (1) willingness to call 911 and the fears and meanings associated with that act, (2) thoughts about the development of a machine-learning technique to identify opioid overdoses in 911 data, (3) thoughts about the subsequent intervention that could be deployed, and (4) recommendations for an ideal post-overdose intervention. Profession In "Pinned", May revealed to Athena and Bobby that she had been accepted into the University of Southern California for college. . 1 Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions section. '9-1-1': Athena's Daughter's Overdose Marks End of Second Episode, Everything New Coming to Netflix in June 2023, New 'Wheel of Fortune' Host Ryan Seacrest Confirms Vanna White Return Amid Pat Sajak Retirement, Tom Holland Responds to Horrible Reviews of His Latest Series, 'Magnum P.I.' Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, Carlberg-Racich S. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. 9-1-1 will be back with a brand new episode Wednesday, Jan. 17, at 9 p.m. This case study has identified a key normative barrier to making the call, fear of arrest. Sussman S, Burton D, Dent CW, Stacy AW, Flay BR. R2: Yeah, or going, or ending up in the hospital or something, that I could know an RN or I could know the social worker or any number of people. May Grant Methods and findings We conducted three focus groups with 11 PWUDs in 2018. Whatever they do, I don't think any victim or any person that needs an ambulance is going to dictate who shows up and who doesn't. Most will gladly teach you this skill. Emergencies happen, but there are certain steps you can take to keep yourself and those around you safe while using drugs. Recruitment flyers described the study as seeking to hear the opinions of people who use opioids about a new intervention to reduce opioid overdoses. Alive Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call Emergency Medical Services in the event of overdose? If possible, have at least two doses of naloxone. Fears about and the inevitability of a law enforcement response to a 911 call was pervasive in the discussions. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. For example, when asked by the interviewer (I) about what would make him more or less willing to call 911 in the event of an opioid overdose, one participant (R) explained through a hypothetical example that calling 911 would be a last resort only if the administration naloxone did not work, R: Personallythis is make-believe, pretendthis would only be if the naloxone that I already administered myself wasnt working, that I would be having to call the police. This would generate empathy and connection between the patient and the interventionist. Alias ET on Fox, ahead of a new episode of spinoff 9-1-1: Lone Star. R2: So yeah, thats my number one concern. #911onFOX I had a feeling the daughter wouldn't take her father's news lightly. This is the most important piece of information for them. If theyre still not responding, try vigorously rubbing their chest with a flat palm. I dont call the police ever, for any reason, unless I have exhausted every means. [emphasis added]. Program models include post-overdose outreach to the overdose victims residence (either by police, clinicians, or a multidisciplinary team), referrals to services for the overdose victim and their social network, or encouragement that the overdose victims visit a fixed community-based site for services. and transmitted securely. I meansometimes its just minutes without oxygen can cause brain damage. Participants were recruited through the distribution of flyers at community-based organizations that provide services for PWUDs, including substance use disorder treatment centers and syringe services programs, and via word of mouth, resulting in three groups of participants who came from different locations in town and different networks of PWUDs. They do it for some reasons. Direitos reservados: 20th Century FOX Television Production, 2018 The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Nevada, Reno approved all study activities under protocol #1024876. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods McNeil R, Kerr T, Pauly B, Wood E, Small W. Advancing patient-centered care for structurally vulnerable drug-using populations: a qualitative study of the perspectives of people who use drugs regarding the potential integration of harm reduction interventions into hospitals. If they do not appear to be seriously ill, call NHS 111 for advice. First seen Koester S, Mueller SR, Raville L, Langegger S, Binswanger IA. To many, there is no difference between calling 911 to summon emergency medical assistance and calling 911 to summon law enforcement. Polypharmacy is also a major contributor to overdose deaths, especially consumption of opioids in combination with benzodiazepines and, increasingly, stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine [3]. Tools like FaceTime and Zoom allow you to be there for your friends who use drugs and either directly intervene or call for help if needed. R: Exactly and it may delay them a minute or two [cross talk]. A new data analysis funded by the National Institutes of Health finds patients who visited the emergency department for an opioid overdose are 100 times more likely to die by drug overdose in the year after being discharged and 18 times more likely to die by suicide relative to the general population. Naloxone comes as either a nasal spray or in a glass vial that needs to be drawn up into a syringe and injected into muscle or fat. Its inexcusable, but it happens. After taking some time to decide her future, May announced her intentions to go to college at USC in the fall and to quit working at the call center for the time being.[12]. However, given the substantial literature that describes highly salient and severe risks perceived by PWUDs when considering a call to 911, this assumption requires further interrogation. domestic abuse. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Codes were applied systematically to the transcripts for each focus group. Ive always called because, like I said, if it comes down to it and I have to go to prison, I trust in God that at least I know that I saved someones life. The fact that the 911 system in the US inextricably links emergency medical assistance with law enforcement response inherently problematizes calling 911 for PWUDs, and has implications for surveillance and intervention. In the current study we report on findings from focus groups with PWUDs designed to elicit their perspectives on post-overdose interventions triggered by 911 calls. We offer thanks to the research participants and community partners who made this research possible. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted [7], After working for a while, May told Athena and Michael that she wanted to move out. In addition to these individual, social, and structural predictors, one of the most critical influences on whether PWUD summon emergency medical assistance is the legal/policy environment [18]. Respondents provided verbal informed consent using a Consent Information Script, which described the study and the risks/benefits of participation. Privacy concerns were also raised. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or FirstWatch, Inc. National Library of Medicine The exchange below between the interviewer (I) and two female respondents (R1 and R2) describes the multifaceted nature of peoples concerns, and highlights the additional fears faced by people with children: I: So, the question is, How worried are you right now, aboutright now how worried would you be about calling 9-1-1 for somebody that was overdosing? Formica SW, Apsler R, Wilkins L, Ruiz S, Reilly B, Walley AY. PWUDs fear arrest for drug-related charges, but also for charges related to homicide (if the overdose victim dies and those at the scene were involved in some way with providing the drugs used by the decedent), violation of parole/probation, outstanding warrants, and trespassing [20]. It is imperative to center the perspectives of PWUDs when designing and implementing interventions that rely on the 911 system for activation. In the context of the current North American opioid epidemic, innovative intervention strategies to reduce opioid overdose deaths are urgently needed. Their reports may also reflect a diversity of historical experiences and are not necessarily accounts of recent experiences or experiences in their current city. Referrals alone were seen as insufficient, and more active follow-up and assistance were recommended. We sought to understand the perspectives of PWUDs about a method for using 911 data to identify opioid overdose cases and trigger a post-overdose intervention. So, it can work both ways, you know. Plus, habitual consumption of even just one small cup of coffee per day. We conducted three focus groups over the course of one week in 2018. In 2015, the Nevada Legislature passed State Bill 459, Nevadas Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act, which amended multiple sections of Title 40 of the Nevada Revised Statue (Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act, 2015). Aiight then. She took pills Athena had left over from a year before, but survived. Lankenau SE, Wagner KD, Silva K, Kecojevic A, Iverson E, McNeely M, et al. Characters Athena Hen Maddie May Karen Abby Claudette Taylor May's mixed media shirt on 9-1-1 May's red plaid shirt on 9-1-1 May's floral print tee on 9-1-1 May's grey star plaid shirt on 9-1-1 Sponsored Links Strang J, Best D, Man L, Noble A, Gossop M. Peer-initiated Overdose Resuscitation: Fellow Drug Users Could Be Mobilised to Implement Resuscitation. However, most participants balanced that concern with the potential benefits, as illustrated in the quote above. This fear was echoed by a male respondent in another focus group, who described an experience in which he had encountered individuals through both the emergency medical and law enforcement systems (e.g., a law enforcement officer who was also a volunteer paramedic), and believed that information about his drug use learned through the clinical encounter was subsequently used against him during a law enforcement investigation. Even if this person isnt experiencing a drug overdose, somethings wrong and theyre in need of help. The semantic substitution of police and cops for 911 in these quotes reveals how deeply connected the 911 and law enforcement systems are in the minds of these respondents. While the number and rates of opioid overdose have increased dramatically in recent years, drug overdose has been identified as a leading cause of preventable death among people who use drugs (PWUDs) for at least two decades [4], and interventions to train PWUDs in opioid overdose prevention/response using take-home naloxone have existed in the US since the late 1990s [5]. Policing and risk of overdose mortality in urban neighborhoods. We conducted three focus groups with 11 PWUDs in 2018. Three focus groups were attended by 11 participants (Focus group [FG] 1: 2 women; FG2: 1 woman, 5 men; FG3: 1 woman, 2 men) over the course of one week in November, 2018. There are a lot of reasons why someone might hesitate to call 911 in case of a drug-related emergency. However, Hen catches her overdosing and dials her parole officer, returning her to confinement. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2007. In general, they thought it was a good idea to send a peer recovery support specialist (i.e., someone with lived experience of substance use who is trained in recovery support), who would know what the patient was going through. Accessibility Results are organized into 4 categories: willingness to call 911 (benefits and risks of calling), thoughts about a technique to identify opioid overdoses in 911 data (benefits and concerns), thoughts about the proposed post-overdose intervention (benefits and concerns), and recommendations for developing an ideal post-overdose intervention. For some, having an interventionist come to their house would feel invasive, while for others they worried that if the interventionist were known as someone who comes for opioid overdoses, this could compromise confidentiality. [4], During the tsunami, May and Athena were involved in a serious car crash while they were returning home from a pedicure. A patient centered perspective on the development of post-overdose interventions could be helpful to inform a more effective model. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001. For example, one respondent recalled a time when a bystander called directly to the hospital to summon an ambulance for a medical emergency. For many, calling 911 was synonymous with calling the police. Tuesday 9 November 2021, 4:03pm. Recent guidance from the Philadelphia Department of Public Health encourages overdose responders to provide supplemental oxygen and employ "airway management" techniques essentially . School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America, 4 The current study builds upon the existing literature by encouraging us to reflect critically on the use of 911 data for the purposes of surveillance and intervention deployment. Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone to LaypersonsUnited States, 2014. [9], May had a difficult time at work for a while because Claudette constantly took over her calls without giving her a proper chance to handle the calls herself. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 2002. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Cops are going to come too. The people who show up are people that you might know? Because a signature would have been the only identifying information provided by participants, the study was granted a waiver of documentation of consent by the University of Nevada, Reno IRB. Get emergency medical help right away after giving the first dose of NARCAN Nasal Spray. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Theres no guarantee that the situation youre facing will be resolved easily. While the steps outlined above can help you lessen the chances of law enforcement showing up, theyre not a guarantee. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health system for the 21st Century May later apologized to Athena and they made up. Across all three focus groups, participants expressed a desire for an alternative number that could summon emergency medical assistance without triggering a law enforcement response. Bohnert AS, Nandi A, Tracy M, Cerda M, Tardiff KJ, Vlahov D, et al. For most participants, calling 911 was synonymous with calling the police and law enforcement-related fears were pervasive, limiting willingness to engage with the 911 system. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Many technologies are inherently dual use. That is, there is a risk that they can be used to design or produce something that causes harm, when causing that harm is not their primary purpose [29]. The end result is the same. Post opioid overdose outreach by public health and public safety agencies: Exploration of emerging programs in Massachusetts. A critical assumption underlying these interventions is that opioid overdose patients will come to the attention of the public health and public safety agencies via a request for emergency medical services (i.e., by calling 911). For some, this idea was derived from past experiences. With her history of being bullied, May thought that Claudette hates her, but Josh assured her that she doesn't and encouraged her to talk to Claudette. For example, post-overdose outreach interventions represent novel collaborations between public health and public safety agencies to provide outreach and engagement services to people who use opioids and/or their social networks once they come to the attention of the system via an emergency response [23]. If it worked, this technique would have the potential to use data from the call to identify opioid overdose cases even if the caller did not explicitly state that the medical emergency was for an overdose. In this case, a technique to detect opioid overdose emergencies in 911 dispatch data was conceptualized as a way to increase the speed and accuracy with which an intervention could be deployed to the scene. December 29, 2001 [1] May 7, 2020 Press Release. Season 3 Episode 13: Ni briefly seen taking a nap as Hen and Michael have a conversation. In "May Day," the 118 must save May (Corinne Massiah), Claudette (Vanessa Estelle Williams), and others after a fire breaks out at the 9-1-1. Regardless of the type you have, practice going through the motions of administering it. While they were in the room working their differences out, a fire broke out right under the room. The fact that Laila friended May after all this time, they'd be stupid not to bring it up again. For five years Corinne has starred on the Fox first responder drama as May Grant - the teenage daughter of Angela Bassett's Sergeant Athena Grant - and fans have seen the actress take May through . Athena's family has been reeling throughout the show's first two episodes after Athena's husband Michael (Rockmond Dunbar) came out to their children as a gay man. They rose from 213 in April to 261 calls in May. The funding was approved by ministers yesterday after charities . Interventions that are predicated on engagement with the 911 system for their delivery will only reach a small proportion of the population: those who overdose in the presence of people willing to call 911. Findings were shared with authors 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 and interpretations were solidified through reflection, discussion, and revision until consensus was achieved. Lets use words that heal and support each other. Later, in the episode "What's Next? Like, I will take the repercussions, I dont hesitate. Douglas Mental Health University Institute, CANADA. R1: And [I] think me, thats why I dont hesitate so much anymore, cause Ive already lost my children. She founded Longhorn Stop the Bleed and is committed to supporting healthcare professionals who seek to integrate harm reduction principles in their practice. Respondents in this study expressed a desire to seek medical assistance to save the life of someone experiencing an opioid overdose and thought the proposed technique and intervention could help in that effort, which is consistent with a large body of research that demonstrates that PWUD are willing and able to take action in the event of witnessing opioid overdoses [e.g., 14, 31, 32]. We also asked participants about how knowledge of such a program would affect their willingness to call 911. Two primary concerns about the intervention were raised. They were. So, they say its an overdose and based on that, youre going to send somebody to help or whatever, or you get the idea its an overdose [based on the technique], youre going to send somebody. The community does not dictate what the first responders do. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Athena (Angela Bassett) walked in on her teenage daughter lying on the floor after having taken an entire bottle of pills, leading her to call 9-1-1. Wheeler E, Jones TS, Gilbert MK, Davidson PJ, Centers for Disease C, Prevention. #911onFOX pic.twitter.com/43ImBQe7wK. The signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose can return after NARCAN Nasal Spray is given.

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