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[7] Many marine species have traditional cultural value to Alaska Natives; these marine species are being threatened by climate change. Canada, Russia and Greenland all claim it as their own. Production in federal waters started here in 2001 from a man-made gravel island 6 miles offshore.11 Future production is expected in both state and federal waters near existing onshore oil fields in the North Slope area. It sits at the top of world, covered in sea icea seemingly unwelcome place for life. If it does so, it could make a ruling in the next few months. it examines the increasingly rapid changes that are For centuries, the Arctic has provided raw materials for outside commercial ventures. A. Overview Arctic marine and coastal ecosystems contain abundant natural resources, are largely pristine, and support a wide array of ecosystem services that are necessary to the wellbeing of people living in the Arctic and benefit all people on a global scale. However, relocation is proving difficult because there is no governmental institutional framework that exists for the aid of climate refugees in the United States. A court case is under way over whether energy companies can drill for oil and gas in the Arctic. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Recent appraisals suggest that a considerable fraction ofthe world's undiscovered petroleum reserves lie withinthe Arctic. There are also some ofbiggest known deposits ofcoal, gypsum and diamonds. Only Congress can designate an area as wilderness, so it is up to our elected officials in the Senate and House of Representatives to pass a bill to permanently protect this sensitive landscape for future generations. Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas They can also establish exclusive economic zones, stretching up to 200 nautical miles (370km) from shore. 8. More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. The U.S. has millions of miles of oil and gas pipelines, thousands of rail cars, vessels, and barges, and about 100,000 tanker trucks that move oil and gas from wells to processing facilities or refineries, and finally to consumers. (2003). Fish and Wildlife Service Arctic: National Wildlife Refuge-Alaska.8 U.S. Geological Survey Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998 (revised), Including Economic Analysis. [44] Furthermore, the changes and variability in the climate have left indigenous communities who rely on traditional knowledge vulnerable and essentially "strip arctic residents of their considerable knowledge, predictive ability, and self-confidence in making a living from their resources. 11. The majority of the Arctic near the North Pole is covered in sea ice. The arctic region of Russia, the most developed of all the arctic regions, is a vast storehouse of mineral wealth, including deposits of nickel, copper, coal, gold, uranium, tungsten, and diamonds. ArcticX culminated on May 23, 2022, with an in-person event to solidify partnerships forged over this Innovation X Lab series. A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs. About 60 ofthese are very extensive, butroughly one quarter ofthem are not yet inproduction. Nenets Autonomous Region is also rich inoil, gas and gas condensate reserves. Ice is present year-round in the Arctic, expanding during the winter and retreating during the summer. Hydrogen, in particular, combusts without releasing emissions, and is increasingly being recognised as an important tool for decarbonising various industries, from transport to heating. Natural Resources ~50 years left till accessible oil and natural gas reserves run out 22% of the world's undiscovered, technically recoverable resources in the Arctic 40% of the world's palladium production is in the Russian Arctic Role in energy transition 1 An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, 2019-2024 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program, Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Arctic Standards: Recommendations on Oil Spill Prevention, Response, and Safety in the U.S. Arctic Ocean, The Only Safe Arctic Drilling is No Arctic Drilling, Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaskas North Slope, Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Alpine Satellite Development Plan for the Proposed Greater Mooses Tooth One Development Project: Record of Decision, February 2015, Oil Spill Occurrence Rates for Alaska North Slope Crude & Refined Oil Spills, BP Exploration Alaska to Pay $25 Million Penalty for Alaskan North Slope Oil Spill, GC-2 Transit Line Spill: Tundra Treatment Plan Rev.1, March 18, 2006, 25 Years Later: Timeline of Recovery from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, International Forums: The Arctic Offshore Regulators Forum (AORF), Petroleum and the Environment: an Introduction, Induced Seismicity from Oil and Gas Operations, Groundwater Protection in Oil and Gas Production, Transportation of Oil, Gas, and Refined Products, Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry, Mitigating and Regulating Methane Emissions, Health and Safety in Oil and Gas Extraction, Subsurface Data in the Oil and Gas Industry, Geoscientists in Petroleum and the Environment, Geoscientists in Petroleum and Environment. There is concern that melting Arctic glaciers and sea ice may raise sea levels around the globe, and that, if enough freshwater is introduced to the North Atlantic, there could be a shift in ocean currents. 3. [52] Even though carbon dioxide is the abundant greenhouse gas, these other gases actually absorb radiation more efficiently and persist in the atmosphere longer than carbon dioxide, so their warming effects increase with time. The National Wildlife Federation is working to protect the key habitats that support the remarkable fish and wildlife that flourish in the reserve. 1 However, the harsh climate, extreme weather, remote locations, and limited infrastructure make exploration and production expensive and sometimes hazardous. The Arctic contains significant amounts of minerals, boreal forests, marine life, and fresh water . This map shows the different gas, oil, and mining resources in the Arctic. The Arctic Drilling Rule released by BSEE in 201614 requires rigorous safety controls beyond those required in other offshore areas. Do something for our planet, print this page only if needed. has 40 icebreakers, making it the world leader in icebreakers. Because of its polar location and the tilt of the Earth, the Arctic does not have the normal seasons that we are used to in the continental United States. 0:00 2:57. [51] The warming of the earth's atmosphere and surface is mainly attributed to the greenhouse effect. Image credit: U.S. Geological Survey5, Oil and gas development on federal land is regulated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. National Academies Ocean Studies Board (2014). Sources [50] Since the Arctic resides in a higher latitude, its communities are more vulnerable. In 2016, Alaskas North Slope region produced about 5.5% of U.S. oil: 173 million barrels onshore and 6.2 million barrels offshore. Under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, five nations have the legal right to exploit the Arctic's natural resources within their exclusive economic zones: Canada, Russia, Denmark, Norway, and the United States (though the U.S. has yet to ratify the treaty, it considers the treaty to be customary international law and abides by. Using Produced Water It said it would be harmful to Norway's society to curb oil and gas production before more reliable renewable energy is available. In the 1970s and 80s, access roads, well sites, oil and gas processing facilities, and support facilities were constructed using gravel. Lasse Eriksen Bjoern is centre, top. Placer gold, coal, and quartz are extracted inCanada's Yukon province. The Arctic consists of multiple sub-regions: Russian Arctic, Canadian Arctic, Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), Northern Alaska (USA), Svalbard (Norway), Iceland, Fennoscandia. Responding to Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, Arctic Potential: Realizing the Promise of U.S. Arctic Oil and Gas Resources, Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimated of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle, Economics of Undiscovered Oil in the Federal Lands of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations, Alaska North Slope, and Summary of Resource Potential of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2017, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998 (revised), Including Economic Analysis, H.R. Water Sources for Hydraulic Fracturing The Arctic is a unique ecosystem with a complex food web made up of organisms adapted to its extreme conditions. taking place in the Arctic from a European perspective. [1] A Brookings Institution summary reported: By the mid to late 2000s, interest in offshore hydrocarbons had surged owing to receding sea ice making more of the region accessible, rising global energy demand, U.S. Government estimates of large undiscovered oil and gas reserves throughout the Arctic, and a more politically stable investment climate relative to other global regions with large hydrocarbon resources. The gases that have a role in the greenhouse effect are mainly carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The Arctic region covers much of Earth's northern pole. 13. Arctic Oil and Natural Gas Provinces Map: The United States Geological Survey estimates that over 87% of the Arctic's oil and natural gas resource (about 360 billion barrels oil equivalent) is located in seven Arctic basin provinces: Amerasian Basin, Arctic Alaska Basin, East Barents Basin, East Greenland Rift Basin, West Greenland-East Canada B. Nevertheless, all technological and industrial development in the fragile Arctic landscape, including exploration projects, must be pursued with sustainability and environmental protection in mind. All official European Union website addresses are in the Major spills are rare but damage sensitive ocean and coastal Introduction A large portion of the Arctic region includes the Arctic Ocean, which is home to an amazing array of wildlife, including endangered bowhead whales, endangered polar bears, beluga whales, endangered ringed seals, and Pacific walruses. Many of these birds migrate to and from all 50 states and across six continents. Fact Sheet 0028-01: Online Report.9H.R. VideoThe endangered languages that are fighting back, When Miss World in India threatened 'cultural apocalypse', Belarus leader welcomes Wagner boss into exile. Offshore Oil and Gas There are approximately 4 million people living in the Arctic, 10% of which are indigenous peoples. The Russian Arctic is the source forabout 80 percent ofthis oil and virtually all ofthe natural gas; Arctic Canada, Alaska, and Norway are the other leading producers. europa.eu domain. Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimated of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. Natural Resources Canada Arctic Bridging traditional and scientific knowledge in Tuktoyaktuk This is the first in a series of Simply Science articles exploring places where traditional Indigenous knowledge intersects with conventional core science. Attempting to balance these priorities, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that, before any exploratory studies are authorized, federal agencies must consider impacts on sociocultural, economic, and other natural resources in consultation with other government agencies and the public. Although improvements have been made, the safety and environmental impacts of offshore oil and gas development in the Arctic remain highly controversial.15,16. Reserves and production volumes vary considerably by country. Alaska is home to several reserves of oil and gas, some of which are already being developed, while others remain untapped. [3] Deposits of silver, copper, and zinc also exist in the Arctic. However, government pressures to open more of the Arctic to oil and gas development threatens the wildlife and people who live there. 18. Red lines are pipelines. , Our nation's diverse and wondrous lands provide invaluable resources that require bold, future-focused management strategies. The Arctic presents the world's new "El Dorado" of still attainable natural resources, with an estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (16 percent of global total), 1,669 trillion cubic feet of gas (30 percent), and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (38 percent). Three Norwegian courts rejected their case, but the ECHR is taking it seriously and asked Norway's government to make its defence. Land Use in the Oil and Gas Industry Responding to Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment.Arctic Council. 2022 The Arctic Review. In sum, humans gain much fromthe Arctic's living resources, and the region is uniquely important toglobal biodiversity. While global warming-induced climate change has elicited a sense of urgency to transition away from polluting natural resources such oil and gas, the intermittency of renewable sources and the lack of low-carbon infrastructure makes alternatives energy sources inadequate to power current development needs, which include the need to decarbonise the global economy for the wellbeing of the planet. By using our web site you agree that your personal data will be processed using the Yandex Metrica web services. Module 2: Resource Management in the Arctic. Our work illustrates the complex link between the drivers of catchment-scale impacts on one hand, and lake proxy responses on the other, highlighting the importance of an integrated historical and palaeolimnological . It considers the national, regional and global challenges It is one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the world, supporting many large fisheries and huge populations of migratory birds that come to the Arctic in the summer to breed. The major oil and gas area inRussia, and one ofthe largest oil regions inthe world is Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Region (KMAR). Since 2016 Norway - Western Europe's largest oil producer - has granted a number of licences to explore for oil and gas in the Barents Sea, inside the Arctic Circle. Studies on improved spill cleanup include mechanical cleanup, in-situ burning, and chemical treating agents. Promoting more-inclusive outdoor experiences for all. Prime Minister @JustinTrudeau says he has held discussions with Canada's Nordic allies about #Beijing's growing threat to Arctic sovereignty through its interest in natural resources and exploration in the region. Fish & Wildlife Service, Were addressing the environmental issues that threaten healthy wildlife populations and put species at risk. The coastal plain provides critical habitat for the polar bear. Changes in the Arctic will affect resource competition and conflict in the upcoming years.[55]. It is both timely and important, since Arctic regions of Alaska are important for biodiversity, national security, cultural and economic sustainability, and support a wide variety of wildlife species, many of which are of conservation and management interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that undiscovered oil and gas reserves in the Arctic amount to 22% of the world's total, about 412 billion barrels of oil. The U.S. also imports and exports large volumes of Introduction At the present time the most important resources are the minerals, especially hydrocarbons. In 4 seconds, you will be redirected to nwfactionfund.org, the site of the National Wildlife Action Fund, a 501(c)(4) organization. Welcome back! 7 - 12+ Subjects Biology, Ecology, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography Photograph Arctic Ice The Arctic is the northernmost region on Earth. EEA Plone KGS 23.6.14. Significant deposits of phosphate, bauxite, diamonds, iron ore, and gold are located in the Arctic region. In some countries, the Arctic became one of the major oil and natural . A 2008 US Geological Survey report estimated that "about 22 percent of the undiscovered, technically recoverable resources in the world" lie above the Arctic Circle in the amount of 90 billion barrels worth of oil reserves, 1,670 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, and 44 billion barrels worth of natural gas liquids (NGLs). 12. This ban encompasses most of the U.S. waters and all of the Canadian waters in the Arctic. The Arctic accounts for 6% of the Earths surface but 10% of the conventional oil and gas discovered and produced to date. 6. Fossil ivory, frommammoth tusks heaved upby melting permafrost, also is becoming increasingly available inSiberia. There's even algae that live in the ice. Indigenous people have listed contaminants, land use, climate, security and access as their main points of concerns. The mineral resources include major reserves of oil and natural gas, large quantities of minerals including iron ore, copper, nickle, zinc phosphates and diamonds. 2. Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., Van Der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., And Johnson, C.A. In 1915, Russia became the first nation to drill in the Arctic[16] and has continued to drill in the region since. 94 percent of the resources within these areas are expected to be natural gas and NGL. Who owns the Arctic and how much oil and gas is there? The region is on track to become an essentially ice-free environment in summer, with a much-reduced ice freeze-up occurring in winter. Many Arctic people now live with modern homes and appliances, however, there's still a desire to pass on traditional knowledge and skillssuch as hunting, fishing, herding, and native languagesto younger generations. In 2017, the U.S. Department of the Interior started a multi-year process to develop a new five-year leasing plan that would allow large areas of offshore Alaska to be leased.12, Oil and gas in the North Slope region of Alaska (north of the dotted blue line). Geoscience the study of the Earth underpins our understanding of the many intersections between petroleum and the environment, from the search for resources to the study of air pollutants. Have environmental activists won similar cases? More oil drilling will only exacerbate the challenges brought on by climate change in this region. The United States relies on groundwater for roughly 25% of its fresh water.1 This groundwater is found in porous, permeable rocks (aquifers) that often lie close to the Earths surface the deepest freshwater aquifers are found more than 6,000 feet underground,2 but most are much Introduction The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost three times the global average. In addition to these sub-regions, the Arctic Ocean and its multiple seasGreenland Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chuckchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, etc.-- make the arctic a vast region with a variety of natural resources. Except for small quantities refined in Alaska, most of the oil is loaded onto tankers and shipped to refineries on the West coast or occasionally in Hawaii. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Potential impacts from shipping include: the release of oil through accidental or illegal discharge, ship strikes on marine mammals, the introduction of alien species, disruption of migratory patterns of marine mammals, increased anthropogenic noise and increased atmospheric emissions.[45] Additionally, marine vessels are a large source of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions, which impact local air quality and human health. One of Hungary's most vital natural resources is its arable land, which covered roughly 59% of the country's land in 2015. Image Credit: U.S. Geological Survey1. The Arctic Ocean fosters shorter trade routes between 80 percent of the most industrialized nations. Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, January 9, 2018.4 U.S. Bureau of Land Management National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.5 Attanasi, E.D. In the US Arctic the oil reserves are estimated atabout 15 million barrels, and gas reserves are over2 trillion cubic meters; 20 percent ofthe oil is extracted atPrudhoe Bay Oil Field. Most of northwestern Alaska consists of the 23-million-acre National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA), the largest single tract of public land in the country. [6] The Barentsburg coal mine on the Norwegian island of Svalbard is open, but has operated at a loss for many years. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaskas North Slope. Environmental activists are taking Norway's government to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) because it is allowing exploration. , Saving Americas wildlife strengthens our democracy and prosperity for future generations. There is currently a dispute over who owns a 1,070-mile long (1,721 km) chain of undersea mountains called the Lomonosov Ridge, which runs through the North Pole. The biggest gas fields are inthe coastal area ofAlaska and Siberia. Mitigating and Regulating Methane Emissions [47] There have already been several cases in which it was determined that anthropogenic activity in the Arctic region resulted in environmental damage. Oil & Gas The Arctic contains a wealth of petroleum and mineral resources. The Arctic is also of interest to many industrialized countries trying to find secure supplies of many natural resources. While exploring and extracting these natural resources is both challenging and expensive, further development is likely to continue due to improvements in technology and shifting energy policies in Arctic countries. The Arctic contains a wealth ofpetroleum and mineral resources. "[39], It has been argued that Arctic trade routes will decrease global greenhouse gas emissions from shipping because these routes would be much shorter than the current routes. U.S. Shipping regulations developed in response to the spill, and supplemented in 2009, primarily focus on Alaskan oil exports. Indigenous people depend heavily on the natural environment for necessities such as hunting, harvesting, fishing, and herding. Lasse Eriksen Bjoern, an activist from the indigenous Sami people of northern Norway, told Reuters that drilling could damage Arctic fisheries and endanger their way of life. [40] In 2016, China indicated that it planned to ship cargo through the Northwest Passage, setting up a conflict with Canada, which asserts sovereignty over the area. Miller asked Putin for the order to start pumping from a new field there. Carbon Dioxide/Climate Rep. 90-01, 5-6. There are 180 fields inTiman-Pechora province, including the so-called fountain ones, which can yield upto 1,000 tons per day. [3] Royal Dutch Shell had $7 billion project to extract oil from the Chukchi Sea off Alaska, Polar Pioneer, but abandoned the project in 2015 after determining that it was "not sufficient to warrant further exploration". [30], It is unclear where the U.S. stands on Arctic resource exploitation under the administration of Donald Trump, who took office in January 2017. National Petroleum Council (2015). A short growing season, permafrost, and long, dark winters of extreme cold and strong winds mean the Arctic is nearly treeless and only small plants can grow. The ECHR is considering making this an "impact case", meaning that its ruling in this case could set a precedent for similar cases throughout the European Union. Arctic sea ice is melting much faster than previously predicted. [22], Norway has a history of Arctic drilling, and continues to express interest in it. Additionally, food security is vulnerable to climate change because the food supply consists of local species that are themselves sensitive to climatic changes. Fact Sheet 2008-3049.2 Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities Arctic Port Study.3 Comay, L.B. 24. Narsaq, a town of 1,200 in southern Greenland, sits near the Kvanefjeld project, one of two major rare earth mineral deposits in Greenland. 3. Pew Charitable Trusts Arctic Standards. [36] China was granted observer status in the Arctic Council in 2013. The activists argued that "by allowing new drilling in a climate crisis, Norway is in breach of fundamental human rights". Although the Arctic is gaining popularity worldwide as a tourism and wildlife-watching destination, the region has always been vital to the identity, culture, and survival of its indigenous people. The case was brought by Friends of the Earth. In areas where the soil is either permanently frozen (permafrost) or never freezes, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline is buried; in areas where the ground freezes and thaws with the seasons, the pipeline is generally elevated above ground.21 Where highways, animal crossings, or unstable hillslopes required pipeline burial in unstable permafrost, insulation or refrigeration is used to keep the ground cold.22 Safety features include systems that monitor variations in pipeline flow and pressure to alert response teams to the location of probable leaks;22 tracks that allow the pipeline to move without breaking during earthquakes (see photo);23 and heat transfer pipes that move heat from the buried pipe to the air, helping keep permafrost cold and stable.22, The Trans-Alaska oil pipeline is mounted on sliders where it crosses the Denali fault.

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