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215 BC), a native of Alexandria and a student of Callimachus, as the second head librarian of the Library of Alexandria. [77] A diaspora of Alexandrian scholarship occurred, in which scholars dispersed first throughout the eastern Mediterranean and later throughout the western Mediterranean as well. [69] Aristophanes of Byzantium edited poetic texts and introduced the division of poems into separate lines on the page, since they had previously been written out just like prose. [81] Members of the Mouseion were no longer required to teach, conduct research, or even live in Alexandria. Several later Arabic sources describe the library's destruction by the order of Caliph Omar. [128][129] Neoplatonism and paganism both survived in Alexandria and throughout the eastern Mediterranean for centuries after her death. [140] Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak took a personal interest in the project, which greatly contributed to its advancement. (n.d.). [14][3] A large library also existed in Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 605c. [15] First established in the early ninth century A.D. during the reign of the Abbasids, the site was centered around an enormous library stocked with Persian, Indian and Greek manuscripts on mathematics, astronomy, science, medicine and philosophy. After Constantius II, Emperor Valens hired four Greek and three Latin calligraphers to make copies of the Greek works onto parchment, which lasted longer than papyrus. Unfortunately, no index or catalog of the librarys works exist today, so no one knows for sure how large the librarys collection was. [10] The idea of a universal library in Alexandria may have been proposed by Demetrius of Phalerum, an exiled Athenian statesman living in Alexandria, to Ptolemy I Soter, who may have established plans for the Library, but the Library itself was probably not built until the reign of his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus. [55] Eratosthenes was the first scholar to apply mathematics to geography and map-making[56] and, in his treatise Concerning the Measurement of the Earth, he calculated the circumference of the earth and was only off by less than a few hundred kilometers. [88][82] Plutarch himself notes that his source for this anecdote was sometimes unreliable and it is possible that the story may be nothing more than propaganda intended to show that Mark Antony was loyal to Cleopatra and Egypt rather than to Rome. The following list will take a chronological look at 10 such lost book collections of the past and the uncertainties which surround their various fates. [46] He earned a reputation as the greatest of all ancient scholars and produced not only texts of classic poems and works of prose, but full hypomnemata, or long, free-standing commentaries, on them. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [3], Modern scholars agree that, while it is possible that Ptolemy I, who was a historian and author[28] of an account of Alexander's campaign, may have laid the groundwork for the Library, it probably did not come into being as a physical institution until the reign of Ptolemy II. [11] Many important and influential scholars worked at the Library during the third and second centuries BC, including, among many others: Zenodotus of Ephesus, who worked towards standardizing the texts of the Homeric poems; Callimachus, who wrote the Pinakes, sometimes considered to be the world's first library catalogue; Apollonius of Rhodes, who composed the epic poem the Argonautica; Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who calculated the circumference of the earth within a few hundred kilometers of accuracy; Hero of Alexandria, who invented the first recorded Steam Engine; Aristophanes of Byzantium, who invented the system of Greek diacritics and was the first to divide poetic texts into lines; and Aristarchus of Samothrace, who produced the definitive texts of the Homeric poems as well as extensive commentaries on them. [4][21] The Library of Alexandria, however, was unprecedented because of the scope and scale of the Ptolemies' ambitions;[4][22] unlike their predecessors and contemporaries, the Ptolemies wanted to produce a repository of all knowledge. Cataloging provides information such as author's names, titles, and subject terms that describe resources, typically through the creation of . [43] Ptolemy II Philadelphus is said to have had a keen interest in zoology, so it has been speculated that the Mouseion may have even had a zoo for exotic animals. [47], Meanwhile, the scholar and poet Callimachus compiled the Pinakes, a 120-book catalogue of various authors and all their known works. Pfeiffer, H. (1931). [139] Egypt devoted four hectares of land for the building of the Library and established the National High Commission for the Library of Alexandria. [57], Eratosthenes was the first person to advance geography towards becoming a scientific discipline. The libraries contained diplomatic, legal, economic, administrative, scholastic, literary, and religious texts. The thousands of clay tablets they uncovered revealed a palace library, a temple library, and two private libraries, one belonging to a diplomat named Rapanu. Celsus Library, Ephesus Turkey. Additionally, the tablets show evidence of the early transcription of texts into foreign languages and scripts, classification and cataloging for easier retrieval, and arrangement by size, form and content. Still in Operation: No in ruins, but about 2,000 complete clay tablets and 4,700 tablet fragments have survived. [43], The Library of Alexandria was not affiliated with any particular philosophical school; consequently, scholars who studied there had considerable academic freedom. Still in Operation: No in ruins, but thousands of clay tablets and fragments have survived. According to popular description, an inscription above the shelves read: "The place of the cure of the soul. They are home to all of the worlds works and other forms of media, including films, CDs, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, maps, e-books, audiobooks, and databases. According to legend, the city claims that it invented parchment and the word parchment actually comes from a corruption of the word pergamenos, meaning from Pergamon. Libraries are centers of knowledge and learning around the world. This Name is used in scripture when emphasizing God's might . B. Sep 2, 2016 - Ancient Libraries, scrolls, alphabets and other collections of knowledge in the ancient world. [82] The Caesareum and the Claudianum in Alexandria are both known to have had major libraries by the end of the first century AD. [97][81] If they did survive the attack, then whatever was left of them would have been destroyed during the emperor Diocletian's siege of Alexandria in 297. The monastery itself is also considered one of the oldest functioning Christian monasteries in the world and it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Interestingly, even though Ashurbanipal acquired many of his tablets through plunder, he seems to have been particularly worried about theft. [30][a] Its main purpose was to show off the wealth of Egypt, with research as a lesser goal,[24] but its contents were used to aid the ruler of Egypt. Location: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Turkey) Still in Operation: Yes. Along with Penelope, Ancient Greek girl names ranking in the US Top 1000 include Athena, Alexandra, Chloe, Paris, Sophia, and Zoe. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309246 BC) is said to have set 500,000 scrolls as an objective for the library. [45][9] Callimachus' pupil Hermippus of Smyrna wrote biographies, Philostephanus of Cyrene studied geography, and Istros (who may have also been from Cyrene) studied Attic antiquities. Watts. The Library of Alexandria is the best-known and largest libraries of the ancient world. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Oldest.org | Terms | Privacy | Contact | Facebook, Do you want to know which of the movie theaters in the United States is the oldest? This was the real name of the philosopher Plato. The empire was divided into three: the Antigonids dynasty controlled Greece; the Seleucids, who had their capitals at Antioch and Seleucia, controlled large areas of Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia; and the Ptolemies controlled Egypt with Alexandria as its capital. [62][43][5][63] Ptolemy III had expensive copies of the plays made on the highest quality papyrus and sent the Athenians the copies, keeping the original manuscripts for the library and telling the Athenians they could keep the talents. 6 Oldest Bookstores In The World "Mouseion" means "House of Muses", whence the term "museum". [16] It was out of this mixed heritage of both Greek and Near Eastern book collections that the idea for the Library of Alexandria was born. Pococke, p. 181, translation on p. 114. Many other scholars, including Dionysius Thrax and Apollodorus of Athens, fled to other cities, where they continued teaching and conducting scholarship. The library of Nysa, built in the 2nd century CE and considered to be Turkey's second-best preserved ancient library structure after the Library of Celsus at Ephesus. Samir Khalil, Lutilisation dal-Qif par la Chronique arabe dIbn al-'Ibr ( 1286), in: Samir Khalil Samir (d. 10 Oldest Written Languages in The World [51] Archimedes later returned to Syracuse, where he continued making new inventions. [17] The earliest known surviving source of information on the founding of the Library of Alexandria is the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas, which was composed between c. 180 and c. 145 BC. Get the facts on eight of the most magnificent libraries of the ancient world. [122] Theophilus respected Alexandria's political structures and raised no objection to the close ties Hypatia established with Roman prefects. [46], According to legend, during the librarianship of Apollonius, the mathematician and inventor Archimedes (lived c.287 c. by Mohawk Games. [98][99] Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yay al-Naw: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them. [94] Other libraries also sprang up within the city of Alexandria itself[82] and the scrolls from the Great Library may have been used to stock some of these smaller libraries. [59] However, it was also during the early second century BC that the political power of Ptolemaic Egypt began to decline. [97][81][3] During the course of the fighting, Aurelian's forces destroyed the Broucheion quarter of the city in which the main library was located. The result was the Library of Alexandria, which eventually became the intellectual jewel of the ancient world. [121] Hypatia was later implicated in a political feud between Orestes, the Roman prefect of Alexandria, and Cyril of Alexandria, Theophilus' successor as bishop. His soldiers set fire to some of the Egyptian ships docked in the Alexandrian port while trying to clear the wharves to block the fleet belonging to Cleopatra's brother Ptolemy XIV. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, p.17. While Alexander the Great did not live long enough to see his dream come true, Ptolemy, who was one of his generals, began constructing the library around the 3rd century. In 2012, Moroccos Ministry of Culture contacted Aziza Chaouni, a Toronto-based architect and engineer, originally from Fez, Moroco, to assess the librarys damage. If yes, then, Although the Golden Age of Hollywood ended over 50 years ago, some of the actors from this time period are, A workforce is a machine that never sleeps. [46] Zenodotus is known to have written a glossary of rare and unusual words, which was organized in alphabetical order, making him the first person known to have employed alphabetical order as a method of organization. Most of its titles were archival documents, religious incantations and scholarly texts, but it also housed several works of literature including the 4,000-year-old Epic of Gilgamesh. The book-loving Ashurbanipal compiled much of his library by looting works from Babylonia and the other territories he conquered. [46][75] In 145 BC, however, Aristarchus became caught up in a dynastic struggle in which he supported Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator as the ruler of Egypt. [78] Meanwhile, Alexandrian scholarship was probably introduced to Rome in the first century BC by Tyrannion of Amisus (c. 100c. These are our favorite ancient baby names to inspire a new generation. [109] Most of these philosophers were primarily interested in theurgy, the study of cultic rituals and esoteric religious practices. [111] In retaliation, the Christians vandalized and demolished the Serapeum,[113][114] although some parts of the colonnade were still standing as late as the twelfth century. [120] Like her father, she rejected the teachings of Iamblichus and instead embraced the original Neoplatonism formulated by Plotinus. Sider, S. (1990). [77] The scholars who had studied at the Library of Alexandria and their students continued to conduct research and write treatises, but most of them no longer did so in association with the Library. The Memory Library: How the library in Hellenistic Alexandria worked. [19] Libraries enhanced a city's prestige, attracted scholars, and provided practical assistance in ruling and governing the kingdom. [136], In late antiquity, as the Roman Empire became Christianized, Christian libraries modeled directly on the Library of Alexandria and other great libraries of earlier pagan times began to be founded all across the Greek-speaking eastern part of the empire.

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