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All copies of books on the list were to be confiscated and destroyed; the possession of a book on the list was made a punishable offence. Traditionally, only males' names are recorded in the books. [citation needed], On May 10, 1933, on the Opernplatz in Berlin, SA and Nazi youth groups burned around 25,000 books from the Institut fr Sexualwissenschaft and the Humboldt University, including works by Albert Einstein, Vicki Baum, Bertolt Brecht, Heinrich Heine, Helen Keller, Thomas Mann, Karl Marx, Erich Maria Remarque, Frank Wedekind, Ernest Hemingway and H. G. Wells. He published harsh criticism of the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to the point of his life being threatened. "[80][93] De Landa was later recalled to Spain and accused of having acted illegally in Yucatn, though eventually found not guilty of these charges. [263], A scroll written by the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah (burnt by King Jehoiakim), Protagoras' "On the Gods" (by Athenian authorities), Chinese philosophy books (by Emperor Qin Shi Huang and anti-Qin rebels), Books of pretended prophecies (by Roman authorities), Jewish holy books (by the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV), Greek and Latin prophetic verse (by the emperor Augustus), Sorcery scrolls (by early converts to Christianity at Ephesus), Rabbi Haninah ben Teradion burned with a Torah scroll (under Hadrian), Burning of the Torah by Apostomus (precise time and circumstances debated), Manichaean and Christian scriptures (by Diocletian), Books of Arianism (after Council of Nicaea), Writings of Priscillian (by Roman authorities), Etrusca Disciplina (by Roman authorities), Books on astrology (by Roman authorities), "Book of the Miracles of Creation" (reportedly destroyed by Saint Brendan), Patriarch Eutychius' book (by Emperor Tiberius II Constantine), Repeated destruction of Alexandria libraries (multiple people), Iconoclast writings (by Byzantine authorities), Qur'anic texts with varying wording (ordered by the 3rd Caliph, Uthman), Abelard forced to burn his own book (at Soissons), The writings of Arnold of Brescia (in France and Rome), Buddhist writings in the Maldives (by royal dynasty converted to Islam), Buddhist writings in the Gangetic plains region of India (by Turk-Mongol raiders), Ismaili Shite writings at Al-Azhar (by Saladin), Destruction of Cathar texts (Languedoc region of France, by the Catholic Church), The Talmud (at Paris), first of many such burnings over the next centuries (by Royal and Church authorities), Rabbi Nachmanides' account of the Disputation of Barcelona (by Dominicans), Lollard books and writings (by English law), Codices of the peoples conquered by the Aztecs (by Itzcoatl), Decameron, Ovid and other "lewd" books (by Savonarola), Arabic books and archives in Oran (by Spanish conquerors), Catholic theological works (by Martin Luther), Lutheran and other Protestant writings (in the Habsburg Netherlands), The works of Galen and Avicenna (by Paracelsus), Books and papers of the Portuguese Order of Christ (By Fra Antnio of Lisbon), Servetus' writings (burned with their author at Geneva, and also burned at Vienne), Religious and other writings of the Saint Thomas Christians (by the Portuguese Church in India), Maya codices (by Spanish Bishop of Yucatan), Arabic books in Spain (owners ordered to destroy their own books by King Philip II), "Obscene" Maltese poetry (by the Inquisition), Arwi books (by Portuguese in India and Ceylon), Luther's Bible translation (by German Catholics), Uriel da Costa's book (by Jewish community and city authorities in Amsterdam), Marco Antonio de Dominis' writings (in Rome), Books burned by civil, military and ecclesiastical authorities between 1640 and 1660 (in Cromwell's England), Socinian and Anti-Trinitarian books (by secular and church authorities in the Dutch Republic), Manuscripts of John Amos Comenius (by anti-Swedish Polish partisans), Pascal's "Lettres provinciales" (by King Louis XIV), Mythical (and/or mystical) writings of Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (by rabbis), Protestant books and Bibles (by Archbishop of Salzburg), The writings of Johann Christian Edelmann (by Imperial authorities in Frankfurt), Vernacular Catholic hymn books (at Mainz), The Libro d'Oro (in the French-ruled Ionian Islands), "The Burned Book" (by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov), Records of the Goa Inquisition (by Portuguese colonial authorities), The Code Napolon (by German Nationalist students), William Blake manuscripts (by Frederick Tatham), Count Istvn Szchenyi's book (by conservative Hungarian nobles), Libraries of Buddhist monasteries (during the Taiping Rebellion), "The Bonnie Blue Flag" (by Union General Benjamin Butler), On the Ancient Cypriots (by Ottoman Authorities), "Lewd" books (by Anthony Comstock and the NYSSV), Pedigrees and books of Muslim law and theology (By the Mahdi in Sudan), Emily Dickinson's correspondence (on her orders), Ivan Bloch's research on Russian Jews (by Tsarist Russian government), Italian Nationalist literature (by Austrian authorities in Trieste), Books in Serbian (by World War I Bulgarian Army), George Grosz's cartoons (by court order in Weimar Germany), Theodore Dreiser's works (at Warsaw, Indiana), Works of Goethe, Shaw, and Freud (by Metaxas dictatorship in Greece), Books, pamphlets and pictures (by Soviet authorities), Pompeu Fabra's library (by Franco's troops), Jewish, anti-Nazi and "degenerate" books (by the Nazis), Jewish books in Alessandria (by pro-Nazi mob), Andr Malraux's manuscript (by the Gestapo), Manuscripts and books in Warsaw, Poland (by the Nazis), Books in the National Library of Serbia (by World War II German bomber planes), The books of Knut Hamsun (in post-World War II Norway), Books by Shen Congwen (by Chinese booksellers), Judaica collection at Birobidzhan (by Stalin), Romanian literature (by the Romanian Workers' Party), Mordecai Kaplan's publications (by Union of Orthodox Rabbis), Memoirs of Yrj Leino (by Finnish government, under Soviet pressure), Religious, anti-Communist and genealogy books (in the Cultural Revolution), Leftist books in Chile during the Pinochet dictatorship, Books burned by at order of school board in Drake, North Dakota, USA, Book burning caused by Viet Cong in South Vietnam, Central University Library (Bucharest, 1989), Oriental Institute in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992), National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992), Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature and National Library of Abkhazia (by Georgian troops), The Nasir-i Khusraw Foundation in Kabul (by the Taliban regime), Morgh-e Amin publication house in Tehran (by Islamic extremists), Abu Nuwas poetry (by Egyptian Ministry of Culture), United Talmund Torah School Library, Montreal 2004, The Diary of Anne Frank during a midsummer's party, Germany 2006, Inventory of Prospero's Books (by proprietors Tom Wayne and W.E. "[176] Other books reported to have been burned were Deliverance by James Dickey, and a short story anthology with stories from Joseph Conrad, William Faulkner, and John Steinbeck. Unfortunately, most of the writers from Plutarch (who blamed Caesar) to Edward Gibbons (a staunch atheist or deist who liked very much to blame Christians and blamed Theophilus) to Bishop Gregory (who was particularly anti-Moslem, and blamed Omar) all had an axe to grind and consequently must be seen as biased. [153] All confiscated literature was reduced to pulp instead of burning. An angel was angry with Brendan for this act, told him that truth has been destroyed, and charged him with traveling for nine years overseas as a penance for his sin. [240] On the same day, Greg Hollingshead, chair of the Writers' Union of Canada called the act "censorship at its worst", while recognizing the sensitivity over the use of the word "negro" in book titles. In September 1944, an original collection of 250,000 items was shelled by German artillery, although many books were saved by being thrown out the windows by library staff. The library was so large it had another branch or "daughter" library at the Temple of Serapis. During his reign, the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church (probably around 391 AD) and many documents were likely destroyed then. Although others blame Theophilus for destroying the last of the scrolls when he razed the Temple of Serapis before making it a Christian church. [71] In January 1413, a general council in Rome condemned the writings of Wycliffe and ordered them to be burned, though at the time the Church was unable to enforce this in Prague. The authorities had the condemned material meticulously weighted, it was found to measure no less than 4.7 metric tons. [141], In 1939, shortly after the surrender of Barcelona, Franco's troops burned the entire library of Pompeu Fabra, the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan language, while shouting "Abajo la inteligencia!" [1] [2] [3] The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I, enclosing what is claimed to be the burning bush seen by Moses. When he refused to buy the remaining six at the same price, she again burned three, finally forcing him to buy the last three at the original price. Using Arabic in any sense of the word would be regarded as a crime. The quindecimviri sacris faciundis watched over the surviving books in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, but could not prevent their being burned when the temple burned down in 83 BC. The hum of its vast server farm has replaced the quiet concentration of the scholars who worked in the institution of the classical period. The 2011 Alexandria bombing was an attack on Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, on Saturday, 1 January 2011. Any official who sees the violations but fails to report them is equally guilty. Under Dioscurus (444-451), the unworthy successor of St. Cyril, the Church of Alexandria became embroiled in the Monophysite heresy. Learn about current events in historical perspective on our Origins site. Gennadius finally burnt it in 1460. A librarian of the Academy, Barbu Lzreanu, was put in charge of maps, documents, photographs, the unique lexicographical file of the Romanian language, which all were proving the Latin origin of Romanian. The election of Proterius as Catholic patriarch was followed by an open schism. [citation needed], Maimonides' major philosophical and theological work, "Guide for the Perplexed", got highly mixed reactions from fellow-Jews of his and later times some revering it and viewing it as a triumph, while others deemed many of its ideas heretical, banning it and on some occasions burning copies of it. Books in Serbian were confiscated from libraries, schools and private collections to be burned publicly. Dutch authorities made an effort to stop them spreading their theological writings, by arrests and fines as well as book-burning. The book, which questioned the fundamental idea of the immortality of the soul, was considered heretical by the Jewish community, which excommunicated him, and was arrested by the Dutch authorities as a public enemy to religion. [238], On June 22, 2011, a group of Dutch activists torched the cover of Lawrence Hill's The Book of Negroes (translated as Het negerboek in Dutch) in front of the National Slavery Monument (Dutch: Slavernijmonument) of Amsterdam[239] over the use of the term negro in the title, which they found to be offensive. Those who have interest in laws shall instead study from officials. [160], In 1954, the rabbi Mordecai Kaplan was excommunicated from Orthodox Judaism in the United States, and his works were publicly burned at the annual gathering of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis. Eventually, the entire print run of the book was destroyed at the Soviet Union's request. He died in prison, which did not end his trial. With the withdrawal of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan in the late 1980s and the strengthening of the Taliban forces, the library collection was relocated to the valley of Kayan. In 1831, angry conservative nobles publicly burned copies of Szchenyi's book. [citation needed], In 1523, Fra Antnio (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born Jerome friar, was given the authority and responsibility to "reform" the Order of Christ in Portugal. In his Lettres philosophique, published in Rouen in 1734, he described British attitudes toward government, literature, and religion, and clearly implied that the British constitutional monarchy was better than the French absolute one which led to the book being burned. Implementation was intensive in the southern part of the Habsburg Netherlands (present-day Belgium). Eutychius died soon afterwards, on 5 April 582. "[65] Since the Dominicans nevertheless claimed the victory, Nahmanides felt compelled to publish the controversy. For the full article, see Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium. [156], As part of Joseph Stalin's efforts to stamp out Jewish culture in the Soviet Union in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Judaica collection in the library of Birobidzhan, capital of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast on the Chinese border, was burned. Book of John Braldon 3. The best known of these were Innocent IV (12431254), Clement IV (12561268), John XXII (13161334), Paul IV (15551559), Pius V (15661572) and Clement VIII (15921605). The research's conclusions that Jewish economic activity was beneficial to the Empire refuted antisemitic demagoguery and were disliked by the government, which ordered all copies to be seized and burned. (Down with the intelligentsia! All the millions of copies of these books were to be confiscated and destroyed. Interestingly, Caesar wrote of starting the fire in the harbor but neglected to mention the burning of the Library which proves little since he was not in the habit of including unflattering facts while writing his history. Luckily for Feuchtwanger, he and his wife were at the time in America, and he survived to continue writing in exile. The Code Napolon as well as the writings of German conservatives were ceremoniously burned 'in effigy': instead of the costly volumes, scraps of parchment with the titles of the books were placed on the bonfire. [155], Around 1949, the books that Shen Congwen (pseudonym of Shen Yuehuan) had written in the period 19221949 were banned in the Republic of China and both banned and subsequently burned by booksellers in the People's Republic of China. Anyone who dares to discuss the Shi Jing or the Classic of History shall be publicly executed. Once these stories were picked up by the national press wire services, similar events followed in many other cities. [125] Temples of Daoism, Confucianism, and other traditional beliefs were often defaced. ", Folan, William J. and Fletcher, Laraine A. In the same month 300 Lutheran works were destroyed at Ghent. [151], Following the liberation of Norway from Nazi occupation in 1945, angry crowds burned the books of Knut Hamsun in public in major Norwegian cities, due to Hamsun's having collaborated with the Nazis. They were replaced by a similar collection of oracular sayings from around the Mediterranean in 76 BC, along with the sayings of the Tiburtine sibyl, and then checked by priests for perceived accuracy as compared to the burned originals. As recounted in Jeremiah 36, Jeremiah's scroll was read before Jehoiakim, King of Judah, in the presence of important officials; King Jehoiakim destroyed the scroll in a fire, and then sought to have Jeremiah arrested. [citation needed], The Zauski Library established in 1747 and thus the oldest public library in Poland and one of the oldest and most important libraries in Europe was burned down during the Uprising in October 1944. "Fruit, Fiber, Bark, and Resin: Social Organization of a Maya Urban Center.". [citation needed], In 25 AD Senator Aulus Cremutius Cordus was forced to commit suicide and his History was burned by the aediles, under the order of the senate. Proterius was murdered in 457, and Timothy lurus, a Monophysite, was intruded into the see. Among the books he branded as subversive was Stendhal's The Red and the Black. The entire collection was destroyed, including 1,300 ancient Cyrillic manuscripts[150] and 300,000 books. At the end of October, the Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature named after Dmitry Gulia, which housed an important library and archive, was torched by Georgian troops; also targeted was the capital's public library. The fires were major incidents in which many books were lost, but the institution of the library disappeared more gradually both through organizational neglect and through the gradual obsolescence of the papyrus scrolls themselves. For Gibbon, the Library of Alexandria was one of the great achievements of the classical world and its destructionwhich he concludes was due to a long and gradual process of neglect and growing ignorancewas a symbol of the barbarity that overwhelmed the Roman Empire, allowing civilization to leach away the ancient knowledge that was being re-encountered and appreciated in his own day. Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing, because the work had not yet been released nor was there censorship in Finland. [126], Following the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion, the victorious forces of the Qing dynasty engaged in their own extensive destruction of books and records. During his reign, the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church (probably around 391 AD) and many documents were likely destroyed then. [207], On the morning of April 5, 2004, 18-year-old Sleiman El-Merhebi firebombed a school library of the United Talmud Torahs of Montreal, burning its 10,000 volume collection. Orestes was said to be under the influence of Hypatia, a female philosopher, and daughter of the "last member of the Library of Alexandria". Cramer, Frederick H. "Bookburning and Censorship in Ancient Rome". MacNamara never returned to the area, his father James MacNamara was boycotted and subsequently emigrated, and a court case was even sought. In Mariupol, Russians burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla. Targeted under this definition and put to the fire were not only the writings of dissident Greek writers, but even works by such authors as Goethe, Shaw, and Freud. Filippov advised that if Leino's book was published, the Soviet Union would draw "serious conclusions". Bulgaria engaged in a campaign of cultural genocide. [221][222] The church, being a King James Version exclusive church, held all other translations of the Bible to be heretical, and also considered both the writings of Christian writers and preachers such as Billy Graham and T.D. [32] It had been heavily stocked by the aid of his non-Christian predecessor, Emperor Julian. [citation needed], According to the Dutch De Reis van Sinte Brandaen (Mediaeval Dutch for The Voyage of Saint Brendan), one of the earliest accounts of the life of Saint Brendan, the Saint got possession of a "Book of the Miracles of Creation", but disbelieved in its veracity and threw it into a fire. All Rights Reserved. The city of Alexandria had long been known for its violent and volatile politics with Christians, Jews, and Pagans all living together in the city. As well as the books being burned, many of the printers and booksellers involved in disseminating them were themselves burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Ships bringing enemy troops had been docked in the harbor, close to a series of warehouses, and Caesars troops torched them. [citation needed], Later, Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique, which was originally called the Dictionnaire philosophique portatif, had its first volume, consisting of 73 articles in 344 pages, burnt upon release in June 1764. Pynchon left for England prior to a scheduled appearance in court, and never returned. Theophilus was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 385 to 412 AD. Immediately after the death of Hierax, a group of Jews who had helped instigate his killing lured more Christians into the street at night by proclaiming that the Church was on fire. For example, in 1645, the burgomasters at Rotterdam discovered a stock of 100 books by Cellius and destroyed them. [14][15][16], Suetonius tells us that, at the death of Marcus Lepidus (about 13 BC), Augustus assumed the office of Chief Priest, and burned over two thousand copies of Greek and Latin prophetic verse then current, the work of anonymous or unrespected authors (preserving the Sibylline Books). During the Cultural Revolution (19661976), many such books were forcibly destroyed or burned to ashes, because they were considered by the Chinese Communist Party as among the Four Old Things to be eschewed. In the United Kingdom, book burnings were staged in the cities of Bolton and Bradford. The burning of the Jewish books was a prelude to a mass arrest and deportation of the Jews themselves. Its primate is the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, the successor to the Apostle Mark the Evangelist, who founded the Church of Alexandria in the 1st century. In the same year the Catholic authorities at Vienne also burned Servetus in effigy together with whatever of his writings fell into their hands, in token of the fact that Catholics and Protestants mutually hostile in this time were united in regarding Servetus as a heretic and seeking to extirpate his works.

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