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who then carefully cover up their father. The Canaanites are included Combine a one-year tablet and print subscription to BAR with membership in the BAS Library to start your journey into the ancient past today! ), military commander who invaded Judah in the time of *Asa. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Cushites were of the ancestry of Kush, a.k.a. Yet Jesus tells the story to a Judean audience with the Samaritan as and theologically. This term indicates that the group Purdue University: Lecture 30: Ancient Africa, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago: Did Moses Marry a Cushite? Evan Centanni specializes in world cultures and human geography. saith the LORD. The biblical world was multi-ethnic, and numerous different ethnic groups, including Centanni is editor of Political Geography Now at www.polgeonow.com. Cush is represented in the Hebrew Bible mainly as a martial nation. Note that Israel is not mentioned This Egypt, mentioned several times in Isaiah 140, was an Egypt controlled by the Cushites. The Country grouping (tribe, language, people, nation) occurs seven times in Revelation (5:9; Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? "Are you not like the Cushites to Me, O children of Israel?" declares the LORD. Nubia, in northeast Africa. says about race. Is Moses violating Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Certain passages in the Hebrew Bible refer to Cushites living in northern Arabia, a region of the Middle East separated from Africa by the Red Sea. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They have been able to decipher the Meroitic script, but not the language associated with it. It has generally been contended by scholars that Zerah was Osorkon i, king of Egypt (c. 914874 b.c.e. The point of mentioning these foreign women in the genealogy of Jesus is COPYRIGHT 2023 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY 5614 Connecticut Ave NW #343, Washington DC 20015-2604. who oppresses the poor insults their Maker. Proverbs 17:5a echoes this teaching, After 930 bce and the establishment of two independent Hebrew kingdoms in Palestine, the 10 northern tribes constituting the kingdom of Israel were . a Hittite. 2 Kings 16:9 And the king of Assyria hearkened unto him: for the king of Assyria went up against Damascus, and took it, and carried the people of it captive to Kir, and slew Rezin. . Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. story we find one of Israels most faithful leaders intermarrying with a Black African Similar Cushitic-speaking peoples are the ethnolinguistic groups who speak Cushitic languages natively. and the Arameans from Kir. Zion to worship the God of Israel (Is 11.1011; Jer 39.1518; Zep 2.1012;3.910; Ps 68.2932; 87.17). Your email address will not be published. to die in the cistern as the Babylonian siege rages. See also the discussion in Hays, From Every People and Nation, 193-200. or Black Christians (or Asian or Latin American, etc.) to as Nubians or Ethiopians, although they are not connected to modern Ethiopia); are neither White nor Black nor even Semitic. The histry does not end in Nubia,it comes Down to the tower of Axum in Ethiopia called aq-Kush . Deuteronomy 2:23 And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.). window.__mirage2 = {petok:"HklXjoAeEFC4bKddMqy8Oi3mmNvhv79lu0eGNcV_kA4-86400-0"}; Yet later in the Bible, Abraham Please read your Bibles accurately. Though obviously noted by ancient writers, physiognomic features, such as the skin color of the Cushite, did not become essentialized elements of social identity in ancient Israel or elsewhere in the ancient Near East. We should now view Ironically, it was this trust that ultimately led to Jerusalems salvation from the Assyrians.. numerous allusions in the Gospels to the Abrahamic promise in Genesis regarding the The concept of Israels election implicates the polytheism of other nations and evokes a largely negative theological evaluation of non-Israelite groups. The Cushites in Kenya are among the oldest communities to exist in the home grounds of Kenya. God put 185,000 of Sennacheribs men to death in one night. The so-called Curse of Ham (Genesis 9:18-27). Cush is traditionally considered the ancestor of the "land of Cush", an ancient territory believed to have been located near the Red Sea. To insult or mistreat the Thus early in Israels for example, Jesus teaches that loving your neighbor as yourself means loving those The reason for this prohibition is theological. Was it within its own language family, or was it an Indo-European language? Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. Kush, Assyria's rival in the Levant. self-identity. The interpretation of the texts being uncertain, theres not enough reliable data to prove or disprove any hypothesis. Many of the Bible's references appear to point to peoples of northeastern Africa, a region historically called Ethiopia, but other mentions seem to be of people from altogether different places. Which the tower is made by Kush during the Axumite kingdom which is the kingdom of Kush. In Egyptian the prefix ph functions like a definite article, so the name Phinehas At one time the Hittites were one of three superpowers in the ancient world. history the norm of monogamous marriage had not yet been established. A history of the Franks, Gregory of Tours, Pantianos Classics, 1916, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cush_(Bible)&oldid=1162194204, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 27 June 2023, at 15:33. Fact: Cushites. Their new-found power enabled them to play an influential role in the politics of the Near East, particularly vis--vis the Neo-Assyrian . Become a Member of Biblical Archaeology Society Now and Get More Than Half Off the Regular Price of the All-Access Pass! It was also during this timethe reign of Hezekiah and the Cushite 25th Dynastythat Isaiah wrote of Egypt in his prophetic messages. and Gentiles) are now brought together in unity in one body. does not start off with the creation of a special or privileged race of people. curse is placed on the Canaanites and not on the supposed (and unlikely) descendants When Sennacherib heard that report, that his army was gone he put his tail between his legs and scattered of home. No modern nation corresponds exactly to ancient Cush. (WEB JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 2 Samuel 18:21 Then said Joab to the Cushite, "Go, tell the king what you have seen!"The Cushite bowed himself to Joab, and ran. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The British Museums Derek A. Welsby led Kushite excavations in Sudan for many years. His message is ignored and he is left Ceremonies were also conducted at the temple of Amon which connects this scene to Isaiah 18:7; In that time, tribute shall be brought to the Lord of Hosts.. that all people of all races and ethnicities carry the image of God. I have just finished an article on Tirhakah of Cush and the battle for Jerusalem under Hezekiah. to non-Christians of our own ethnicity. Their own particular ethnicity is not ZERAH THE CUSHITE. According to the Table of the Nations, Cush was a descendant of Ham (Gn 10.8) and the ancestor of several peoples in southern Arabia (Gn 10.9). between peoples with the gospel. The Egyptians, who knew the Cushites best, consistently depicted them with black skin pigmentation. []. of Ham in Black Africa. The settlement of Hamite elements near *Gerar in Philistia during the monarchy is also treated in i Chronicles 4:3941 (according to the Septuagint; not Gedor as in Masoretic text). context is that of marrying outside the faith. The NT teaches that as Christians we are all unified together in Christ, regardless I think it might be more accurate to say that God enabled the backing of the Cushite kingdom to save his chosen people. Furthermore, it is wildly speculative to assume that the name Ham actually means black In regard to the history of racial prejudice in America no other passage in Scripture The ancient Hebrews are a mix of ethnicities, with The land is not able to bear all his words. ethnicity. I understand that the Egyptian Cushite empire was very strong, but I gave the victory to God, believing the Bible about an angel killing much of Sennacheribs army, and him fleeing home only to die at the hands of his two sons. An Ethiopian, Ebed-melech, an official at the royal court in Judah, rescues the prophet Jeremiah from his punishment at the hands of King Zedekiah. Encyclopedia.com. Ham was one of the three sons of Noah to survive the global flood. The military reputation of Cushites is also well attested in the ancient Near East, where Cushite males were revered soldiers and equestrian experts in Egypt, Assyria, Samaria, and elsewhere. black land, a reference to fertile soil, is actually a reference to Black races in 25 May. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. Christ). In 2016, Hasidic singer Mordechai Ben David attracted controversy after a video taken at his December 28 concert in Jerusalem, wherein he referred to US President Barack Obama as a kushi, was circulated online.[9][10]. human beings are traced in Scripture to our creation.[2] To presuppose that ones own race or ethnicity is superior to someone elses is a leading to a radical shift in thinking about other groups of people within the faith denial of the fact that all people are created in the image of God. is not known, but she was married to a Hittite named Uriah, so possibly she was also to highlight the mixed nature of Jesus lineage, suggesting and alluding to the upcoming New Catholic Encyclopedia. 900441875X. At the center of Pauls theology is the doctrine of justification by faith. During the exodus Moses will marry one of these Cushites (see below). Thus, Habakkuk (3:7) mentions Cushite tribes with *Midian (cf. The Cushite, Or, The Descendants Of Ham: As Found In The Sacred Scriptures And In The Writings Of Ancient Historians And Poets From Noah To The Christian Era: Perry, Rufus Lewis: 9780343178031: Amazon.com: Books Books History Buy new: $15.95 Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime FREE Returns Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? in Genesis 10 as one of the ancient peoples. His specialties include ethnicity in the Hebrew Bible, Cushites in the Bible and history, and the Book of Revelation. Paul is not just commending toleration of other ethnic groups in the Church, he is (7) Ethiopians.--Israel had presumed on the special favour of Jehovah.The prophet asks them whether, after all, they are better or safer than the Ethiopians, whom they despised. Africa is likewise quite a leap in logic. When the first human being is created he is simply called adam, which is Hebrew for humankind. Adam and Eve are not Hebrews or Egyptians; they It should be stated clearly and unambiguously that every reputable evangelical Old Israelite, descendant of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel after an all-night fight at Penuel near the stream of Jabbok (Genesis 32:28). Amos 2:10 Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite. Identification [ edit] TikTok video from tclakecharles1 (@tckemetnu): "#hebrew #exodus #israelites #israel #canaan #kushites #cushites #taharqa #taharka #christianity #bible #torah #koran #Egypt #Kemet #africa #cross #pope #alexanderlibrary #library #roman #greek #temple #saints #persian #meduneter #hieroglyphics #mfundishijhutyms #moses #jesus #christ #luxor #hebrews". 2:14-16 Paul stresses that in Christ groups that were formerly hostile (like the Jews how an Ethiopian believes in the gospel and is saved. skin color or cultural differences. of people God createdand this would apply directly to ethnic belittling or racial Though it has been compared to usage of term Nigger in the United States, this is not an accurate comparison. Jeremiah 9:25,26 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will punish all them which are circumcised with the uncircumcised; . For the prophet, it was the mighty and conquering Cushites who must in fact bring their tribute up to Mount Zion, to the place of the name of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 18:7). Cush was the father of Nimrod the hunter ( Genesis 10:8-9 ). Though the Cushites are mentioned only briefly in the biblical text, a number of scholars have argued that their involvement in the conflict against Assyria was decisive in the survival of Jerusalem at this critical historical juncture. When Noah wakes up and finds out what happened that we clarify what this passage actually says (and doesnt say). (photo credit: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS/YEOWATZUP) Advertisement This week's Torah portion, Balak, centers on the actions of the Moabite king Balak and the prophet Balaam. This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.". Central to the climactic Are you not as children of the Ethiopians to me, O children of Israel? [6]. 7:1-4). mentions crossing this same ethnic and cultural boundary in his marching orders to Later in Israels history, Ezra and Nehemiah will reissue ourselves as more closely related to Christians from other ethnicities than we are In many cities across America, the Black Hebrew Israelites stand on street corners preaching their false doctrine that Black people in America are the true Israelites. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. Then God had his own sons cut him down with the sword. The one who mocks the poor insults his Maker. These verses teach that those who Some passages in Genesis imply that the "Land of Cush" was in Mesopotamia, farther east from Arabia. biblical story includes quite a bit of personal information about Moses, even specifically In the 8th century B.C.E., the Nubian Kingdom of Kush took over its politically fragmented northern neighbor, forming Egypt's twenty-fifth dynasty, known as the Nubian dynasty or the Kushite Empire. Yet what is clear is that being created of Christ and begin openly persecuting the apostles, Acts 8 presents the story of execute most of the leaders who had opposed and persecuted Jeremiah. "Zerah the Cushite President of Egypt some aspect of the image of God, and this gives humankind a very special status in Cush was the father of Nimrod, a fictional king called the "first heroic warrior on earth".[1][2]. of the faith, however, is prohibited. it, and he then strongly reaffirms Moses as his chosen leader. Much like its powerful neighbor to the north, Cush benefited from the Nile and its life-giving waters, although the Nile flood plains of Egypt are broader and more continuous. [CDATA[ Cushite (15 Occurrences) Numbers 12:1 Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married; for he had married a Cushite woman. because they represent all people of all ethnicities. Archaeologists know little about the Nubian Kingdom of Kush, focusing archaeological activity on temples and tombs, such as this one at El-Kurru. Regardless of the name by which it was known, Cush played an interesting role in the history of Canaan, Egypt, and the wider ancient Near East as a whole. inclusion, much like the role of Ebed-Melech in Jeremiah. of the leaders and the people in Judah, but meets only with rejection and hostility. If they intermarry with these ), an Ethiopian dynasty ruled autonomously, and prosperously, in the Upper Nile Valley. At this time the Judeans and Samaritans hate each other and ethnic tensions between However, Sennacherib, King of Assyria, commingled . living in Cush. Your email address will not be published. Baal. Testament scholar that I know of views this understanding of Genesis 9:18-27 as ridiculous, Thus, in the late eighth century, when Judahite elites were bringing tribute down to Egypt to forge alliances with the Cushite Dynasty, they faced sharp criticism from the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 30:1-7). Yet even then, According to i Kings 15:8 and ii Chronicles 13:23, Asa was the son of *Abija, Zephaniah, Benjamin 1958- (Benjamin Pbadiah Iqubal Zephaniah), Zepeda y Zepeda, Juan de Jess (18081885), Zentralwohlfahrtstelle der Deutschen Juden, Zentralstelle der Fuersorge Fuer Kriegsfluechtlinge, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/zerah-cushite. refers to the Black peoples of Africa is not defensible. In the 19th century, both before and after the Civil War, this text was frequently cited by Whites Jesus also explicitly Underscoring this distinction is Deuteronomy Much later, Moses married a descendant of . This means that the Hebrew Bible is far more interested in a moral-theological evaluation of Cushites and other foreign peoples than in any purely ethnic or political characterization. In the story Aaron and Miriam harshly criticize Moses' marriage to a Cushite or Kushite woman after he returned to Egypt to set the children of Israel free. They may have arrived there, originally, as war-captives, since Ethiopians frequently served as mercenaries in foreign armies, or possibly as diplomatic envoys (Is 8.17). Cushites (Black Africans living along the Nile River south of Egypt; also referred In English Bibles, Cush is most frequently translated as Ethiopia, but sometimes Nubia, Cush, and even Sudan. Because ancient Nubia occupied the northern and southern regions of present day Sudan and Egypt, respectively, it is to be distinguished from the country of Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa. Greek. The same principle applies ASA (Heb. In essence God does for Ebed-Melech precisely what he would not do for King Zedekiah Phinehas name is an Egyptian name. Going back to the Assyrian invasion of 701 B.C.E., the biblical historian is far more concerned to demonstrate Yahwehs sovereign rule over the nations than crediting the salvation of Jerusalem to a foreign people. Promised Land when the Israelites defeat and subjugate the Canaanites. Previous page. to a Cushite woman. May God extend the Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. That is his point in using the 12:36). Some research indicates that the nearby Assyrian Empire referred to a people in northern Arabia as the Kusi, and it is possible this name entered the Hebrew literature as "Cush" despite referring to a different group from the Cushites of other Biblical passages. Cushites were people from the land of Cush /Kush (or "Cushan" in Habakkuk 3:7 ). Then they began to say, "This must be the Prophet who is supposed to come into the world.". https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/zerah-cushite, "Zerah the Cushite Cush is identified in the Bible with the Kingdom of Kush or ancient Sudan. . [1], In early Modern Hebrew usage, the term Cushi was used as an unmarked referent to a dark-skinned or red-haired person, without derogatory implications. 39:15-18). 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15). nothing to do with Black Africa or the subjugation of Black peoples. even mentioned, for the Bible seems to stress that they are the mother and father To the Greeks and Romans it was Aethiopia (or Ethiopiathough not to be confused with the modern nation located on the Horn of Africa). of Israel is a multi-ethnic story. When Assyria defeated the Cushites in 671 bc, Saite princes, as Assyrian vassals, again gained control of the Nile delta, and the Saite governor Read More a story about them (White people), with people of other ethnicities either absent Black African inhabitants of Cush by the ethnic term nehsiu. Combine a one-year tablet and print subscription to BAR with membership in the BAS Library to start your journey into the ancient past today! If the first syllable is emphasized (CU-shi), then the usage is more likely derogatory. While some commentators have assumed that this passage disparages the Ethiopians as an uncivilized nation of slaves, in fact, at the time of Amos' ministry (c. 750 b.c. of the prophecy in this text. dress, appearance, and ancestor origins, the ancient peoples in the regions in and The unjustified self-establishment of superiority by one group The Book of Proverbs presents several practical implications from this connection Any serious biblical study of race or ethnicity should start in Genesis 1. The main points of this study [7] can be synthesized into the following points: By Dr. J. Daniel Hays, dean of the Pruet School of Christian Studies and professor Gen. 41:50). "The land of Edom" is the mo, Moab The short answer is, of course, a categorical no. For example, Proverbs 14:31a states, The one Michigan archaeologist Geoff Emberling explores the Nubian capital in Sudan. ethnic lines and caring for those who were ethnically different. Born on December 25, 1918 (Mit Abul-Kum, Egypt) 12:1). Cushites appear predominantly in military contexts, most often as allies with Egyptians, Libyans, Sabeans, and others (i.e., Isaiah 20:3-4; Jeremiah 46:9; Ezekiel 30:4-5; Ezekiel 38:5; Nahum 3:9). as a Cushite (i.e. each other; we realize that we are connected together into one entity as kinfolk, Zipporah the Midianite. ), military commander who invaded Judah in the time of *Asa.According to a story, preserved only in ii Chronicles 14:8-14, Zerah commanded a large army and 300 chariots against Judah and reached the environs of *Mareshah.The Judean army defeated and pursued him to Gerar, conquering the cities in the area and looting . Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. Also significant is the observation Encyclopedia.com. Both Ezra and Nehemiah seem to stress HYKSOS , the founders of the Egyptian 15th dynasty; Asiatics who exercised political control over Egypt between approximately 1655 and 1570 b., EGYPT , country in N.E. 4 min read Who was the Ethiopian (Cushite) wife that Moses took ( Numbers 12:1 )? The Cushite Ebed-Melech: Hero and representative of gentile inclusion. The Bible makes many references to a people known as the "Cushites," implying they are the descendents of Noah's grandson Cush, who inhabited the "Land of Cush" in Old Testament times. ZERAH THE CUSHITE (Heb. When dealing with prohibited marriages, Maimonides writes that a convert from among the gentiles, including the seven Canaanite nations (Deuteronomy 7:3), may marry within the Jewish community. clear that God approves of this marriage, for he rebukes Miriam and Aaron for opposing Appointed by God as Israels leader and mediator between But this exegetical trajectory was widespread among biblical commentators well into the 20th century; and still today, both implicit and explicit racialized sentiments about the Cushites can still be found among commentators. [2] For example, it is the nickname, or term of endearment, of the Israeli commando of Yemenite extraction, Shimon "Kushi" Rimon (b. The Judean army defeated and pursued him to Gerar, conquering the cities in the area and looting many sheep and camels. [citation needed], The word is a derivation of Cush (.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} K), referring to the ancient Kingdom of Kush which was centered on the Upper Nile and Nubia (modern-day Sudan). 3:11 he writes, Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, Explorer James Bruce, who visited the Ethiopian Highlands c. 1770, wrote of "a tradition among the Abyssinians, which they say they have had since time immemorial", that in the days after the Deluge, Cush, the son of Ham, traveled with his family up the Nile until they reached the Atbara plain, then still uninhabited, from where they could see the Ethiopian table-land. It has absolutely While some interpreters have taken Jeremiahs comparison as an indication of ancient Israelite color prejudice against Africans, the Book of Jeremiah paints a most favorable portrait of Ebedmelech the Cushite. Taharqa is mentioned in 2 Kings 19:9 as Tirhakah, King of Cush, a ruler who came to the aid of Hezekiah against the invasion of Assyria.Credit: Matthias Gehricke, CC BY-SA 4.0. he pronounces a curse on Canaan, the son of Ham, stating, Cursed be Canaan! Thus at the dawning of the Israelite nation, the descendants of Abraham are a mix But modern ethiopia, which is another name for Abyssinia, is far to the south of ancient Cush. Thus, the Hebrew Bibles emphasis on the military reputation of Cushites is well supported outside of the biblical text. See also Hays, From Every People and Nation, 158-60. In fact, ancient Greek and Roman versions of the Bible usually translated "Cush" as "Ethiopian." Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. woman while serving God faithfully. Ezekiel the Tragedian's Exagoge 60-65 (fragments reproduced in Eusebius) has Zipporah describe herself as a stranger in Midian, and proceeds to describe the inhabitants of her ancestral lands in North Africa: "Stranger, this land is called Libya. "Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt, the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Arameans from Kir? Amos 9:78 portrays Ethiopians as a people living at a distance from Israel. Its probably related to some of the other languages of the area, either Nilo-Saharan (like the Sudanic languages) or Afro-Asiatic (like ancient Egyptian, Tamazight, and Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew). But this is just the tip of the iceberg . A man named Ebed-Melech, identified repeatedly Fierce Warriors. of our differing ethnicities. Ironically, it was this trust that ultimately led to Jerusalems salvation from the Assyrians. shows visitors to Egypt wearing colorful robes distinct from the white clothing worn by locals. EDOM (Heb. Judahs deliverance had nothing to do with Egypt coming to Judahs aid. The Septuagint called the Cushites , which was the Greek term for all swarthy-skinned people south of Egypt; hence the terms thiopes in the Latin Vulgate and "Ethiopians" in the Douay Version of the Bible. of biblical studies.

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