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Flowers are white, pink, or purple. [35][36][37][38], It has been suggested, based on fossil and phylogenetic evidence, that legumes originally evolved in arid and/or semi-arid regions along the Tethys seaway during the Palaeogene Period. arvense (L.) Asch. [10][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] Following extensive discussion in the legume phylogenetics community, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group reclassified Fabaceae into six subfamilies, which necessitated the segregation of four new subfamilies from Caesalpinioideae and merging Caesapinioideae sensu stricto with the former subfamily Mimosoideae. (2002), Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer Axxoc, 287-292. [59][60], The rhizobia and their hosts must be able to recognize each other for nodule formation to commence. P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle . The pigeon pea [1] ( Cajanus cajan) is a perennial legume from the family Fabaceae native to the Old World. [34] It has been possible to date the divergence of some of the groups within the Faboideae, even though diversification within each genus was relatively recent. [27] There are two main types:[28]. Leaf margins are entire or, occasionally, serrate. Tall varieties grow to about 2m with support required. It is found in the majority of its members that only form an association with rhizobia, which in turn form an exclusive symbiosis with the Fabaceae (with the exception of Parasponia, the only genus of the 18 Ulmaceae genera that is capable of forming nodules). Trifolium, Medicago) and rarely palmately compound (e.g. In the Faboideae, the flowers are zygomorphic, and have a specialized structure. [34] The uptake of macronutrients such as inorganic phosphorus or nitrogen is vital to the plant development of Cicer arietinum, commonly known as the perennial chickpea. & Mata, E. R. 1999. Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate. . This article was most recently revised and updated by, Home & Garden Information Center - Garden Peas, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Pea, Pisum sativum, and Its Anticancer Activity, pea - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), pea - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In Central and South America dyes are produced from two species in the same genus: indigo and Maya blue from Indigofera suffruticosa and Natal indigo from Indigofera arrecta. The most widely distributed pathogens are Ascochyta rabiei (35 countries), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. These bacteria have the special ability to fix nitrogen from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen (.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}N2) into ammonia (NH3). Economic Botany. Family Scientific Name: Fabaceae; Family Common Name: Pea; Scientific Name: Chamaecrista fasciculata; Common Name: Partridge Pea; General Distribution: Erect or spreading annual herb adapted to dry sandy sites from Massachusetts to Florida west to Minnesota and Texas. Laburnum, Robinia, Gleditsia (honey locust), Acacia, Mimosa, and Delonix are ornamental trees and shrubs. saccharatum Ser. The two bottom petals are fused together at the apex (remaining free at the base), forming a boat-like structure called the keel. The order Fabales contains around 7.3% of eudicot species and the greatest part of this diversity is contained in just one of the four families that the order contains: Fabaceae. [30], In some parts of the world, young chickpea leaves are consumed as cooked green vegetables. [70], Natural gums are vegetable exudates that are released as the result of damage to the plant such as that resulting from the attack of an insect or a natural or artificial cut. The spermatophytes that co-evolved with actinorhizal diazotrophs (Frankia) or with rhizobia to establish their symbiotic relationship belong to 11 families contained within the Rosidae clade (as established by the gene molecular phylogeny of rbcL, a gene coding for part of the RuBisCO enzyme in the chloroplast). In Tuscany, chickpea flour (farina di ceci) is used to make an oven-baked pancake: the flour is mixed with water, oil and salt. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The name Pea comes from the ancient Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain. In the Mimosoideae, the flowers are actinomorphic and arranged in globose inflorescences. 17th-century botanist Nicholas Culpeper noted "chick-pease or cicers" are less "windy" than peas and more nourishing. Welcome to the Pea family A-Z list. Green peas are used as a vegetable [13], Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of Early Modern Europe. A-Z list by scientific name of native North American Pea family (Fabaceae) trees, with links to state lists, species information and images. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, 1995, 438p. unguiculata: Common Name: pea, black-eyed; cowpea; southern-pea: Family: Fabaceae: Print with name - Print without name Members of the Fabaceae Family (Thumbnails): Aeschynomene indica; Arachis hypogaea; Astragalus bisulcatus . Indeterminate nodules are characteristic of legumes from temperate climates, while determinate nodules are commonly found in species from tropical or subtropical climates.[60]. In North America, a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup. Biogeographic patterns in early-diverging clades of the Leguminosae. Pp. pp. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler, high-altitude, tropical areas. For example, the trinomen of the grey wolf subspecies, the Arctic wolf, is Canis lupus arctos. Solution Scientific name of pea-plant: The pea is the small spherical seed or seed pod of the Pisum sativum pod fruit. [3][9], The leaves are usually alternate and compound. Click on names to expand them, and on P for PLANTS profiles. These are the basis of pease porridge and pea soup, staples of medieval cuisine; in Europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of early modern cuisine. Wojciechowski, Martin F., Johanna Mahn, and Bruce Jones. In 2020, world production of chickpeas was 15 million tonnes, led by India with 73% of the global total, and Turkey, Myanmar, and Pakistan as secondary producers (table).[8]. Wing, S. L., F. Herrera, and C. Jaramillo. They always have stipules, which can be leaf-like (e.g. In the present day, it is widely cultivated in all semitropical and tropical regions from Eastern Asia to Central America. [6], Peas have both low-growing and vining cultivars. Peas are also eaten raw, as they are sweet when fresh off the bush. Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow peas, produce pods that are edible and are eaten raw or cooked like green beans; they are popular in East Asian cuisines. Scientific name: Vicia sativa A scrambling plant, Common vetch has pink flowers. For instance, Astragalus separated from the Oxytropis 16 to 12 million years ago. Chickpea flour is used to make "Burmese tofu," which was first known among the Shan people of Burma. Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and dried peas are commonly used in soups. Kelvedon Wonder is popular in the United Kingdom, but uncommon elsewhere. [30] Representatives of the 3 sub-families traditionally recognised as being members of the Fabaceae Cesalpinioideae, Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae as well as members of the large clades within these sub-families such as the genistoides have been found in periods later, starting between 55 and 50 million years ago. Increasing the height and size of chickpea plants involves using macronutrient fertilization with varying doses of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen. The pea plant is a hardy leafy annual with hollow trailing or climbing stems that reach up to 1.8 metres (6 feet) in length. Handbook of Legumes of Economic Importance. They frequently contain alkaloids. Thus, cooking can increase protein quality by inactivating or destroying heat-labile antinutritional factors. Rhizobia are specific to particular host species although a rhizobia species may often infect more than one host species. She has her M.S. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Albertus Magnus mentions red, white, and black varieties. Germination degrades proteins to simple peptides, improving crude protein, nonprotein nitrogen, and crude fibre content. But now, when the plant can be easily grown, fresh pea shoots are available in supermarkets, and some people decided to grow them in their backyard.[53]. ciceris (32 countries) Uromyces ciceris-arietini (25 countries), bean leafroll virus (23 countries), and Macrophomina phaseolina (21 countries). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Robinia) or be rather inconspicuous. Family: Fabaceae Lindl. Industrial farmed legumes include Indigofera, cultivated for the production of indigo, Acacia, for gum arabic, and Derris, for the insecticide action of rotenone, a compound it produces. [41] With the invention of canning and freezing of foods, green peas became available year-round, and not just in the spring as before. [37] Drought stress is a likely factor that inhibits nitrogen uptake and subsequent fixation in the roots of Cicer arietinum. Pea plant: How to grow peas from seed? In some species, leaflets have evolved into tendrils (e.g. Botany 2001 Abstracts, published by Botanical Society of America (. Where they are, the cyanogenic compounds are derived from tyrosine, phenylalanine or leucine. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses. Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide, including numerous Acacia species, Dalbergia species, and Castanospermum australe. Farmacognosia: estudio de las drogas y sustancias medicamentosas de origen natural. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In dense plantings, peas give each other some measure of mutual support. Subsecretara de Coordinacin Administrativa. In Spain, they are used cold in tapas and salads, as well as in cocido madrileo. Recent research has indicated that a combination of heat treatment along with the two vital macronutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are the most critical components to increasing the overall yield of Cicer arietinum. The B vitamins riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine dissolve into cooking water at differing rates. The species epithet sativum derives from Latin, meaning 'cultivated, planted' or more literally, "that which is sown". The scientific name of pea plant / Botanical name of pea Pisum sativum Family - Fabaceae (also called as Leguminosae family or legum crop) The scientific name of Pea plant Botanical name of pea - Name only The scientific name of Pea plant Botanical name of a pea. [28], A .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of cooked chickpeas provides 686 kilojoules (164 kilocalories) of food energy. Overall, microwave cooking leads to a significantly lower loss of nutrients than autoclaving and boiling. These pathogens originate from groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma and nematodes and show a high genotypic variation. Many Fabaceae species are important sources of pollen and nectar for bees, including for honey production in the beekeeping industry. The Pea moth can be a serious pest producing caterpillars the resemble small white maggots in the pea-pods. In Portugal, chickpeas are one of the main ingredients in rancho, eaten with pasta, meat, or rice. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S. Kellogg, E. A. Stevens, P.F. [14], Sequencing of the chickpea genome has been completed for 90 chickpea genotypes, including several wild species. The top producer of green peas by far is China with 12.2 million tons, followed by India (4.8 million tons), USA (0.31 million tons), France (0.23 million tons) and Egypt (0.15 million tons). macrocarpum Ser. . The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. [3] The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. The following is a list of some of the major genera and species in Fabaceae, arranged alphabetically by common name. [3], Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF, performed by the organisms called diazotrophs) is a very old process that probably originated in the Archean eon when the primitive atmosphere lacked oxygen. Many species have leaves with structures that attract ants which protect the plant from herbivore insects (a form of mutualism). A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although that can also be applied to a few other fruit types. Cooked chickpeas are 60% water, 27% carbohydrates, 9% protein and 3% fat (table). Desi chana can be black, green or speckled. Aloe () | Scientific Names: Aloe vera | Family: Liliaceae Amaryllis (Many, including: Belladonna lily, Saint Joseph lily, Cape Belladonna, Naked Lady) | Scientific Names: Amaryllis spp. [citation needed][disputed discuss], Finally, all treatments improve protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio, and essential amino acid index. [citation needed], In Hungary and Serbia, pea soup is often served with dumplings and spiced with hot paprika. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting. Legumes are commonly used as natural fertilizers. It is a member of the pea family and can be seen on grassland, farmland and waste ground, as well as at the coast. Grain legumes include both herbaceous plants like beans, lentils, lupins, peas and peanuts,[67] and trees such as carob, mesquite and tamarind. In each of these cases, one trait is dominant and all the offspring, or Filial-1 (abbreviated F1) generation, showed the dominant trait. This means that one plant species may be infected by more than one species of bacteria. Numerous legumes are farmed for this purpose, including Leucaena, Cyamopsis and Sesbania. Question What is scientific name of pea-plant? The c. 19,000 known legume species amount to about 7% of flowering plant species. Popular dishes in Indian cuisine are made with chickpea flour, such as mirchi bajji and mirapakaya bajji. [61] The chemical reaction is: Ammonia is then converted to another form, ammonium (NH+4), usable by (some) plants by the following reaction: The root nodules of peas and other legumes are sources of nitrogen that they can use to make amino acids, constituents of proteins. 3-NPA and isoxazlin-5-one derivatives also occur in many species of leaf beetles (see defense in insects). [49], Processed peas are mature peas which have been dried, soaked and then heat treated (processed) to prevent spoilagein the same manner as pasteurizing. This clade also includes the families Polygalaceae, Surianaceae and Quillajaceae and its origins date back 94 to 89 million years, although it started its diversification 79 to 74 million years ago. This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 18:48. [29], Cooking treatments do not lead to variance in total protein and carbohydrate content. By the end of the 20th century, hummus had become commonplace in American cuisine. The pea was also present in Georgia in the 5th millennium BC. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Preferred Scientific Name Abrus precatorius L. Preferred Common Name rosary pea Other Scientific Names Abrus abrus (L.) W. Wright Glycine abrus L. International Common Names English bead vine black-eyed Susan coral bead plant coralbean crab's eye crab's-eye false licorice gidee-gidee Indian licorice jequirity jequirity bean jumbie bean [18] The following is a list of the main ornamental legume species, listed by subfamily. In the home garden, peas should be planted in fertile well-drained soil in an unshaded spot. Commonly known as the pea family, Fabaceae features about 670 genera and nearly 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs. Members of the Phaseoleae genus Apios form tubers, which can be edible.[19]. Pod peas (snow peas and snap peas) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pages 303 316 in Advances in Legume Systematics, part 4, the fossil record (P. S. Herendeen and D .L. UNAM. The seeds are high in fibre and protein and are a good source of iron, phosphorus, and folic acid. Art. For example, nodules in Acacia senegal can contain seven species of rhizobia belonging to three different genera. Adult weevils feed on the leaves and create a notched, "c-shaped" appearance on the outside of the leaves.[68]. Higher amounts can be used when chickpeas are treated with heat. Guasanas or garbanza is a Mexican chickpea street snack. An uncommon black chickpea, ceci neri, is grown only in Apulia and Basilicata, in southern Italy. [23], Some peas lack the tough membrane inside the pod wall and have tender edible pods. Research started selecting favourable genes for pathogen resistance and other traits through marker-assisted selection. A pea is a pod-shaped vegetable that is usually green but may also be golden yellow or purple. Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid,[6] and refers to the fruit of these plants, which are called legumes. Pages 85-160 in Advances in Legume Systematics, part 4, the fossil record (Herendeen, P. S., and D. L. Dilcher, eds.). The current hypothesis about the evolution of the genes needed for nodulation is that they were recruited from other pathways after a polyploidy event. The chickpea or chick pea ( Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. In the early 3rd century BC, Theophrastus mentions peas among the legumes that are sown late in the winter because of their tenderness. [15] They are still sometimes brewed instead of coffee. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. [30], All treatments of cooking improve protein digestibility. A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow,[4] or infrequently purple[5] pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop. The pea is most typically the little spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit. This process is known as back-formation. [38], In modern times peas are usually boiled or steamed, which breaks down the cell walls and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable. Plantae - Plants. | Find, read and cite all the research you need . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Papilionoid legume fruits and leaves from the Palaeocene of north western Wyoming. "Tuberous Pea, Lathyrus tuberosus - Flowers - NatureGate". II. Last name: Pea. The Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) has reddish fruit that are used to produce a yellow dye. [39], Pathogens in chickpeas are the main cause of yield loss (up to 90%). In order to freeze and preserve peas, they must first be grown, picked, and shelled. [40] New cultivars of peas were developed by the English during this time, which became known as "garden" or "English" peas. Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. Chickpeas are a type of pulse, with one seedpod containing two or three peas. Green peas were introduced from Genoa to the court of Louis XIV of France in January 1660, with some staged fanfare. Nodule formation is present in all the Fabaceae sub-families, although it is less common in the Caesalpinioideae. [65] Brines may be used, in which peas are floated, from which their density can be determined. Repyev (Eds. The plant grows to 2050cm (820in) high and has small, feathery leaves on either side of the stem. [30][31] Soaking and cooking of dry seeds possibly induces chemical modification of protein-fibre complexes, which leads to an increase in crude fibre content. chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), also called garbanzo bean or Bengal gram, annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown for its nutritious seeds. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit (legume) and their compound, stipulate leaves. - Pea family P: Genus: Pisum L. - pea P: Species: Pisum sativum L. - garden pea P: Pisum sativum L. garden pea. In addition, the separation of the aneuploid species of Neoastragalus started 4 million years ago. Common name : Matar (Hindi, nepali) Pea; Field pea, Split pea, Garden pea, Seed pea, Shelling pea, Combining pea, Forage or fodder pea, Dry pea, Feed pea, Vining pea (English) . 1972. [60] Root nodules can be classified as being either indeterminate, cylindrical and often branched, and determinate, spherical with prominent lenticels. Mendel cross-bred tall and dwarf pea plants, green and yellow peas, purple and white flowers, wrinkled and smooth peas, and a few other traits. [10] The Fabaceae diversified during the Paleogene to become a ubiquitous part of the modern earth's biota, along with many other families belonging to the flowering plants. Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds, and are also called pulses. Caragana and Robinia respectively), often trifoliate (e.g. This family includes about 745 genera and 19,500 species which can be found throughout the world growing in a great variety of climates and environments . Pea Scientific Name: Pisum sativum L. Family: Fabaceae Centre of Origin: Mediterranean region of southern Europe and to Western Asia. The bushy 60-cm (2-foot) plants bear feathery pinnately . Chickpea flour is known as gram flour or besan in South Asia and is used frequently in South Asian cuisine. If soaked for 1224 hours before use, cooking time can be shortened by around 30 minutes. The domestication event can be dated to around 7000 BC. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [13] This conclusion has been supported not only by the degree of interrelation shown by different groups within the family compared with that found among the Leguminosae and their closest relations, but also by all the recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences. [62], When a pea plant dies in the field, for example following the harvest, all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into amino acids inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the soil. The flowers often have five generally fused sepals and five free petals. [27], Experiments have shown that ruminants grow equally well and produce an equal amount and quality of milk when soybean or cereal meals are replaced with chickpeas. [15][clarification needed]. Kingdom. [69] Prior to the use of modern insecticides, pea moth caterpillars were a very common sight in pea pods. Composicin, usos y actividad biolgica: Plantas medicinales de Mxico II. Chamaecrista nictitans is an annual leguminous herb which is widespread in the Neotropics as well as the southern and eastern USA. In southern France, mesolithic layers in a cave at L'Abeurador, Hrault, have yielded chickpeas, carbon-dated to 679090 BC. Boron-rich soil increased chickpea yield and size, while soil fertilization with zinc seemed to have no apparent effect on the chickpea yield. In the Philippines, chickpeas preserved in syrup are eaten as sweets and in desserts such as halo-halo. [9][11] Fabaceae is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and dry forests of the Americas and Africa. legumes. Extrafloral nectaries are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae, and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g. Astragalus, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Indigofera, Lotus, Securigera and Scorpiurus, produce chemicals that derive from the compound 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, beta-nitropropionic acid). Acacia, Mimosa). [37], The field pea is a cool-season legume crop that is grown on over 25 million acres worldwide. Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and dried peas are commonly used in soups. Agriculturally & Economically Important Legumes. Melissa Petruzzello is Associate Editor of Plant and Environmental Science and covers a range of content from plants, algae, and fungi, to renewable energy and environmental engineering. 2004. Inside the pod, 5 to 10 seeds are attached by short stalks. Chickpeas are roasted, spiced, and eaten as a snack, such as leblebi. The scientific name Pisum sativum var. [10] The trees are often found in tropical regions, while the herbaceous plants and shrubs are predominant outside the tropics. Peas are annual plants, with a life cycle of one year. Fallow or green manure legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil to exploit the high nitrogen levels found in most legumes. Bloom legume species include species such as lupin, which are farmed commercially for their blooms, and thus are popular in gardens worldwide. Description of Values. You are here: Home /Classification Report. Description of Pea. After, they are sprayed with water to remove any residual dirt or dust that may remain on them. Kurlovich and S.I. [44] Research for yield improvement, such as an attempt to increase yield from 0.8 to 2.0 metric tons per hectare (0.32 to 0.80long ton/acre; 0.36 to 0.89short ton/acre) by breeding cold-resistant varieties, is always linked with pathogen-resistance breeding as pathogens such as Ascochyta rabiei and F. o. f.sp. The butterfly pea (C. ternatea) is a deep-rooted, tall slender, climbing . Of the 10 families within the Rosidae, 8 have nodules formed by actinomyces (Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Myricaceae, Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae), and the two remaining families, Ulmaceae and Fabaceae have nodules formed by rhizobia. [22] By 2010, 5% of Americans consumed hummus regularly,[22] and it was present at some point in 17% of American households. Sprent, J. I. The plants are thought to be native to West Africa and are widely cultivated in warm regions around the world. Most often they are even- or odd-pinnately compound (e.g. Ellagic acid has never been found in any of the genera or species analysed. These exudates contain heterogeneous polysaccharides formed of different sugars and usually containing uronic acids.

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