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The most important social unit was the clan. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgia Governor George Troup, a leading advocate of Indian removal, signed the second Treaty of Indian Springs at his hotel. The economy centered upon agriculture, growing corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, melons, and sweet potatoes. In the early 20th century, the process of allotting lands to individual citizens was completed, but, dismantling of the Muscogee government was never fully executed, as the nation continued to maintain a Principal Chief. The earlier Seminole emigrants were chiefly from, the Lower Creek towns. Inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh (to whom 19th-century writers attributed fiery speeches that he "must have said")[citation needed] and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa won the support of the Upper Creek towns. For example, clan members of approximately the same age consider each other "brother" and "sister", even if they have never met before. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people in the Battle of Mabila, where the Native Americans were defeated. French Canadian explorers founded Mobile as the first capital of Louisiana in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build Fort Toulouse at the confluence of the Tallapoosa and Coosa in 1717, trading with the Alabama and Coushatta. Estimates made after the removal to Indian Territory placed the population between 15,000 and 20,000. Please contact lowermuskogeecreektribemm@yahoo.com. These losses were exacerbated by the Indian slave trade that colonists conducted in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. Who were the Muscogee people? European-American settlers had moved into the area and pressed for statehood and access to some of the tribal lands for settlement. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief Micco Hutko contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. [1] The boundary line drawn by the Treaty of 1790 was changed twice before 1812. ), This page was last edited on 23 May 2023, at 03:14. In 1670, English colonists from Barbados founded Charles Town (modern-day Charleston), the capital of the new colony of Carolina. They also hold a pow-wow. [60] The ruling also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate alcohol and casino gambling.[60]. The Fort Mims Massacre was followed two days later by the smaller Kimbell-James Massacre. Their headquarters is in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and their current Principal Chief is David W. Fearing they would come under French influence, the British reopened the deerskin trade with the Lower Creeks, antagonizing the Yamasee, now allies of Spain. Most of the Muscogee people were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) by the federal government in the 1830s during the Trail of Tears. Formed in part originally by Muscogee refugees, the Seminole people today have three federally recognized tribes: the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, Seminole Tribe of Florida, and Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida. In the Hitchiti language, which lacked an 'r' sound, it became simanoli, and eventually Seminole. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war among the Muscogee develop into a war with the United States. Micos led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others to agree with their decisions. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289km2) were declared a reservation. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional chiefdoms. [27] The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s, Savannah exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year.[28]. The Mississippian culture arose as the cultivation of maize from Mesoamerica led to agricultural surpluses and population growth. In 1690 a British trading post was constructed on Ochese Creek (at the site now protected within Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park). Their great religious ceremony was the annual puskita, of which, the lighting of the new fire and the drinking of the black drink were important accompaniments. The loss of lands contributed to problems for the nation in the late 19th century. The Indians were filled with great terror the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the world. [23], Britain, France, and Spain all established colonies in the present-day Southeastern woodlands. The Muscogee people - called "Creek" by British settlers - are direct descedents of the great mound builders of what are today the southeastern states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The most important leader in Muscogee society was the mico or village chief. It is believed that the Creek culture began as a way to guard against other larger conquering Indian tribes of the region. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. In the forested shade, the Creeks watched and waited. They may have been related to the Tama of central Georgia. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830.[49]. CREEK (MVSKOKE) The Creek Indians are more properly called the Muscogee, alternatively spelled Mvskoke. On the morning of August 30, 1813, few of Fort Mims' defenders stirred in the steaming heat. The respective languages of all of these modern-day branches, bands, and tribes, except one, are closely related variants called Muscogee, Mvskoke and Hitchiti-Mikasuki, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the Muscogean language family. [8] During the time known as the Woodland period, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the Eastern Agricultural Complex. The authority of the micos was complemented by the clan mothers, mostly women elders. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee chiefs signed the Treaty of New York, on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians,' ceding a large portion of their lands to the federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return for federal recognition of Muscogee sovereignty and promises to evict white settlers. The Muscogee (Creek) people are descendants of a culture that, before AD 1500, spanned the entire region known today as the Southeastern United States. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement by convincing, not only the Muscogee, but other Native American tribes as well, that the Shawnee must be supported. swampboy42@yahoo.com. The extended and bloody Seminole War in Florida, from 1835-1843, secured permanent peace with the southern tribes. The early statistics of the Creek population are based on mere estimates. Mico William McIntosh led the Lower Creek warriors who fought alongside the U.S. in the Creek War and the First Seminole War. Creek oral tradition, recorded in the eighteenth century, told a legend of migration of one group of ancestral Creeks who established a colony at the Ocmulgee site near present Macon, Georgia. . While the Seminole were still a small body confined to the extreme north of Florida, they were frequently spoken of as Lower Creeks. Emory University was founded in Oxford, Georgia, in 1836 15 years after the Muscogee were forced to relinquish the land through the First Treaty of Indian Springs. Present day Mound building located at the Tribal headquarters, houses the National Council Offices, Judicial Offices, and Tax Commission. was popular among the public wanting revenge. With the help of Middle Georgia conservationists, Oklahoma's Muscogee (Creek) Nation is seeking to reestablish a tribal homeland and create the nation's first national park and preserve in Georgia. While families include people who are directly related to each other, clans are composed of all people who are descendants of the same ancestral clan grouping. The maroons had not received training in how to aim the Fort's cannons. Creek is the European name given to the Muscogee because of their geographic location. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the Red Stick War (Creek War, 18131814). For the improvements in the country where you now live, and for all the stock which you cannot take with you, your Father will pay you a fair price At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill. Even those who had fought alongside Jackson were compelled to cede land, since Jackson held them responsible for allowing the Red Sticks to revolt. The two nations agreed to settle the dispute by ball-play. [39] Noted historian Robert Remini wrote, "[T]hey presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans. Stories of the origin of the Red Stick name varies, but one is that they were named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that mark the days until an event occurs. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for nearly three months. In time, he brought in slaves and workers, cleared several hundred acres, and established mills and a trading post as well as his farm. The first three battles of the war in Indian Territory occurred when Confederate forces attacked a large neutral band led by Opothle Yahola. Early Spanish explorers encountered ancestors of the Muscogee in the mid-16th century.[6]. Some treaties, such as the Treaty of San Lorenzo, indirectly affected the Muscogee. Your warriors have known me long You know I love my white and red children, and always speak with a straight, and not with a forked tongue; that I have always told you the truth Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace. The Creeks were composed of numerous tribes during the American Colonial Period. Members of the Creek Nation were registered as individuals on the Dawes Rolls; the Commission separately registered intermarried whites and Creek Freedmen, whether or not they had any Creek ancestry. Captured with Emathala were some one thousand other person their [racial] colors were black, red, and white At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Opothleyahola refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. In May 1718, the shrewd Emperor Brim, mico of the powerful Coweta band, invited representatives of Britain, France, and Spain to his village and, in council with Upper and Lower Creek leaders, declared a policy of Muscogee neutrality in their colonial rivalry. [47] In 1814, British forces landed in West Florida and began arming the Seminoles. A faction of Muscogee joined the Pan-American Indian movement of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, rejecting accommodation with white settlers and adaptation of European-American culture. Mvskoke is their name in traditional spelling. ALA Connect is a place where members can engage with each other, and grow their networks by sharing their own expertise and more! Muscogee people from the 20th and 21st centuries will be listed under their respective tribes. Between 800 and 1600 CE, they built complex cities with earthwork mounds with surrounding networks of satellite towns and farmsteads. The first three were of Muscogean stock. [10] Here they waged war against other bands of Native American Indians, such as the Savanna, Ogeeche, Wapoo, Santee, Yamasee, Utina, Icofan, Patican and others, until at length they had overcome them.[11]. A small group of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy remained in Alabama, and their descendants formed the federally recognized Poarch Band of Creek Indians. The Muskogee, also known as Creeks, are a Native American group who lived in the Southern part of North America, particularly in Georgia and Alabama. Because of continuing conflicts with European colonists and other Muscogee groups, many Ochese Creek migrated from Georgia to Spanish Florida in the later 18th century. The Muscogee were the first Native Americans officially considered by the early United States government to be "civilized" under George Washington's civilization plan. Sticks painted red symbolize war.[43]. Creek Warrior by Frederic Remington, 1906. In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' establish written laws, and form a National Creek Council. American Association of School Librarians (AASL), Assn. The Creek Indians are one of the Five Civilized Tribes: Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole Cultural area is the Southeast United States. There are also federally recognized Creek tribes in Alabama. In 1867, the Muscogee began operating under the guidance of a written constitution and code of laws. After the Indians killed nearly 250500 at the fort, settlers across the American southwestern frontier were in a panic. For more than a century before their removal to the west, between 1836 and 1840, the people of the Creek Confederacy occupied some 50 towns, in which were spoken six distinct languages Muscogee, Hitchiti, Koasati, Yuchi, Natchez, and Shawnee. Muskogee. In April, the old Red Stick Menawa led about 200 Law Menders to execute McIntosh according to their law. 4322 Little River Trail NE Ste 100 In 1795, Elijah Clarke and several hundred followers defied the Treaty of New York and established the short-lived Trans-Oconee Republic. The Creek tribe holds an annual powwow on Thanksgiving. The heles hayv or medicine maker officiated at various rituals, including providing black drink,[22] used in purification ceremonies. The historic Muscogee later built expansive towns within these same broad river valleys in the present states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida and South Carolina. Influenced by Tenskwatawa's interpretations of the 1811 comet and the New Madrid earthquakes, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, actively resisted European-American encroachment. To this tribe the name Creeks was ordinarily applied. He moved to the area that is now Crawford County in Georgia. . Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal hides, depending upon the climate. Bowles' first act was declaring the 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, which drew the boundary between the U.S. and West Florida, null and void, because the Indians were not consulted. Cimarrones was used by the Spanish and Portuguese to refer to fugitive slaves"maroon" emerges linguistically from this root as welland American Indians who fled the Europeans. Read More A statue depicting Chief Tomochichi, a Muscogee native who signed the 1733 Treaty of Savannah that launched the Georgia colony, pictured here on Dec. 20, 2021 in its temporary location . [49] In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was close. The only serious revolt of the Creek against the Americans took place in 1813-14, in the well-known Creek war, in which General Andrew Jackson took a prominent part. Hill. As a reward, McIntosh was granted 1,000 acres (4km2) at the treaty site, where he built a hotel to attract tourists to local hot springs. 256 845-9605 For years, Hawkins met with chiefs on his porch to discuss matters. . The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from Fort Mims (north of Mobile, Alabama) stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from West Florida, where they had bought munitions from the Spanish governor at Pensacola. Representation in both houses of this Legislative assembly was determined by each tribal town. [49] Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to move all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.[49]. State Recognized Tribes Georgia Tribe of eastern Cherokee Cherokee Of Georgia Tribal council Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe for Library Service to Children (ALSC), Assn. Trade cloth in a variety of patterns and textures enabled Muscogee women to develop new styles of clothing, which they made for both men, women, and children. The son of the Loyalist officer of the same name who had recruited a band of Hitchiti to the British cause, McIntosh never knew his white father. One of the Five Civilized Tribes, they formed the Creek Confederacy with other Muscogean speaking tribes, the Alabama, Hitchiti, and Coushatta. "May this . [14]:161162 Under the customs of Muscogee matrilineal society, their children belonged to their mother's clan. We are located at 107 Tall Pine Drive, Whigham, Georgia 39897. Muscogee Nation, Georgia officials will cooperate on restoring the sacred to tribe. It required the Creek to emancipate their slaves and to admit them as full members and citizens of the Creek Nation, equal to the Creek in receiving annuities and land benefits. NAGPRA is the federal law under which tribes recover what was taken from them by archaeologists and museums and it's the law under which the Georgia DNR is returning its Etowah collection to the Muscogee Nation. Koasati (Coushatta) and Alibamu were spoken in the upper Alabama River basin and along parts of the Tennessee River. The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. Society was organized in matrilineal, exogamous clans, each bearing the name of its totem animal. Their confederacy, which formed the largest division of the Muscogean family, included other Muscogean tribes such as the Catawba, Iroquois, and Shawnee, as well as the Cherokee. Stratified societies developed, with hereditary religious and political elites. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the Trail of Tears in 1834, with additional removals following the Creek War of 1836, although some remained behind. As of the 2020 census, the population was 206,922. But, within the clan, it is the mother's brother (the mother's nearest blood relation) who functions as the primary teacher, protector, disciplinarian and role model for children, especially for boys. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British Hitchiti, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779 Capture of Savannah. In the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Spanish Florida built missions along Apalachee Bay. The Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe (East of the Mississippi), [5] also known as the Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe, is a state-recognized tribe in Georgia. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010", "Moundbuilders, North Georgia's early inhabitants", "The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast", "Alexander McGillivray Encyclopedia of Alabama", "Ft. Mims Massacre Baldwin County, Alabama August 30, 1813", "The Deadliest Cannon Shot in American History (July 27, 1816)", "The Creek stories of Earnest Gouge, "Tiger helps man defeat a giant lizard" [#16 on linked page]", "Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup. The Muscogee tribe, also called the Creek, was made up of several separate tribes that occupied Georgia and Alabama in the American Colonial Period. Spain said NAGPRA is ultimately about human rights, not objects. Muscogee confederated town networks were based on a 900-year-old history of complex and well-organized farming and town layouts around plazas, ballparks, and square ceremonial dance grounds. In addition, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, and the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas are federally recognized. The Creek War of 18131814, also known as the Red Stick War, began as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, only to become enmeshed within the War of 1812. [31]:9 In Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women had great freedom over their own sexuality compared to European and European-American counterparts. He was also related to Alexander McGillivray and William Weatherford, both mixed-race Creek. The Seminole signed a peace treaty with Spain. And the dogs were hunting dogs, so he had killed many animals. This ruined their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who had parents or other relative who were Creek. This culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500, especially along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries. Geographically the towns were grouped as Upper Creek, on the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers in Alabama, and Lower Creek, on the middle or lower Chattahoochee River, on the Alabama-Georgia border. A decade later, tensions between colonists and Indians in the American Southwest led to the Yamassee War of 171517.[25]. This new constitution recognized chartered Muscogee communities which serve as local government units within the national system. In 1821, McIntosh and several other chiefs, including Chief Shelocta, signed away Lower Creek lands east of the Flint River at the first Treaty of Indian Springs. (2004). A number of Muscogee chiefs acquired slaves and created cotton plantations, grist mills and businesses along the Federal Road. They formed the core of a band that became known as the Snakes, which also included many Creek Freedmen. Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation. The Muscogee were not one tribe but a union of . They usually buried their dead in a square pit under the bed where the deceased lay in his house. Creek Indians were also known as Muskogee Creek. A rise in the desire to return to traditional ways across the American frontier with Native American lands set into motion a permanent change to the Muscogee confederacy. $425,180. "Creek Confederacy Before Removal," in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.). 918-756-8700. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered villages and chiefdoms of the late Mississippian culture, beginning on April 2, 1513, with Juan Ponce de Len's landing in Florida. Other Muscogee living in Florida and Texas have not been recognized by either state or federal governments. Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town is headquartered in Wetumka, Oklahoma and its chief is Tarpie Yargee. Questions? He had family ties to some of Georgia's planter elite, and after the wars became a wealthy cotton-planter. The Court recognized a large part of eastern Oklahoma as part of the state's Muscogee (Creek) Nation reservation. Some of the Seminole, with the Miccosukee moved south into the Everglades, resisting removal. "[40] Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. Schedule: June 16-25, 2023 Each year, thousands gather at the Claude Cox Omniplex right here in Okmulgee for a weekend filled with activities celebrating the Muscogee people. Today, the Muscogee tribe is a federally recognized Indian Nation, with their capitol continuing to be in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. The Muscogee Nation Festival is on! Ochesee, by the Hitchiti. Muscogee is the English version of the Native American word Mvskoke (Ma (hs-ko-ke-) which means Medicinal Herb People in the Creek language. Though its capitol is located in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, the Muscogee-Creek nation has direct ties to its deeply rooted cultural and political origins in the Ocmulgee River Corridor in Georgia. Other bands in Alabama and Georgia are recognized by the state but their requests for federal recognition have been denied. A fight broke out and the two nations fought until sundown with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded.[35]. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. After being forcibly removed to Indian Territory, most of the Lower Muscogee located farms on the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers. In addition to the American Library Association's Executive Board's statement on racism, several ALAchaptershavestated their dedication to COVID-19 Resources for State Chapters. Total revenues. Dealing with censorship challenges at your library or need to get prepared for them? Byways & Historic Trails Great Drives in America, Soldiers and Officers in American History, William M. Chick Kansas City Founder & Pioneer, Robert Gillham Founder of Kansas Citys Cable Railway, Colonel Kersey Coates Kansas City Businessman. The tribe ceded their lands to Georgia in return for $200,000, although they were not required to move west. MCN is one of the 5 Civilized Tribes and is the fourth largest tribe in the U.S. with 97,000 citizens. - 1739) Tomochichi was a chief of the Yamacraw Indians and played an important role in Georgia's creation. Seal of the Cherokee Nation Seal of the MuscogeeNation. In the 18th century, it was the hub for some 60 villages that made up the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. [14]:1937. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain and was admitted to the United States in 1819. Two years later, the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act gave Indians the right to incorporate and to establish cooperatives. The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the Creek War tripled the Seminole population, and strengthened the tribe's Muscogee characteristics. Muscogee people continue to preserve chaya and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stickball games, and language classes. Linguistic group: Muskogean GA Website URL . Muscogee oral history describes a migration from places west of the Mississippi River, in which they eventually settled on the east bank of the Ocmulgee River. [26] In 1735, Georgia constructed Fort Okfuskee near Oakfuskee to compete with French trade with the Creeks at Fort Toulouse. A few hundred maroons constituted a uniformed Corps of Colonial Marines, who had had military training, however rudimentary, and discipline (but whose English officers had departed). In 1867, the Muscogee people adopted a written constitution, which provided for a Principal Chief and a Second Chief, a judicial branch, and two legislative chambers composed of a House of Kings (similar to the Senate) and a House of Warriors (similar to the House of Representatives.) The British and the French opted for trade over conversion. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty ceded the last Lower Creek lands to Georgia, and allocated substantial sums to relocate the Muscogee to the Arkansas River. William McIntosh Charles Bird King After the Revolutionary War, a new wave of American settlers poured into Georgia seeking claims to rich river bottomland. It ended the war and required the tribe to cede some 20million acres (81,000km2) of land more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings to the United States. They spared only the black slaves whom they took as captured booty. Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. Precontact Muscogee societies shared agriculture, transcontinental trade, craft specialization, hunting, and religion. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from the Altamaha to the St. Johns River in present-day Florida, guaranteeing Native hunting grounds for the deerskin trade and protecting Spanish Florida from further British encroachment. The French instigated the Upper Creeks to raid the Lower Creeks. Although the Red Sticks won the battle, they had lost the war. George Washington, the first U.S. president, and Henry Knox, the first U.S. Secretary of War, proposed a cultural transformation of the Native Americans. The Muscogee were called "Creeks" by the English . [12] The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native chiefdoms (such as the Coosa chiefdom on the Coosa River), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The Spanish and their "mission Indians" burned most of the towns along the Chattahoochee after they welcomed Scottish explorer Henry Woodward in 1685. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The Muscogee Creek are associated with multi-mound centers, such as the Ocmulgee, Etowah Indian Mounds, and Moundville sites. Their historical homelands are in what now comprises southern Tennessee, much of Alabama, western Georgia and parts of northern Florida.[3]. Virtual Museum of New France: Southeastern Indians: Historical maps and articles about the Muscogee, Caddo, Catawba, and other southeast tribes. After Cabeza de Vaca, a castaway who survived the ill-fated Narvez expedition, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that Hernando de Soto had said that America was the "richest country in the world". The Red Sticks captured the fort by surprise, and carried out a massacre, killing men, women, and children.

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