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Updating in working memory predicts greater emotion reactivity to and facilitated recovery from negative emotion-eliciting stimuli. The relationship between extraversion, neuroticism and trait affect. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Better knowledge about which emotion regulation strategies are adaptive in which situational contexts and what strategies can successfully be used by people with different personality characteristics would help to find the best ways to regulate human emotions. Its easy to see how complicated each potential emotional event can be, and how difficult it can be for researchers to dissect what exactly is occurring during emotional processing. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00554.x, Tamir, M. (2016). National Library of Medicine HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help TIE: an ability test of emotional intelligence. For example, people with a rich repertoire of emotion regulation strategies might know how to implement adaptive strategies flexibly in response to contextual demands, and thus, might (to a larger extent) benefit from using them (Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012a,b; Aldao et al., 2014). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.814, Dan-Glauser, E. S., and Gross, J. J. Personal. Reproduced from Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations, by J.J. (2008). What Happens to Friends With Benefits Over Time? While there are many ways to influence ones emotional state for the better, emotion regulation often involves what experts call down-regulation, or reducing the intensity of emotions. Politeness plays a significant role in enduring romantic relationships, though it is different from the conventional politeness adopted when interacting with strangers. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to explore the research on flexible emotion regulation and to argue that effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies depends on both situational context as well as individual differences in personality like characteristics. In Gross's (2015) process model of emotion regulation, attentional deployment is one of five points in the emotion generative process at which emotions can be regulated. Peer relations in childhood. Article summary, Matthews et al. In their study, participants laboratory task was to enhance emotional expression, suppress emotional expression, and behave normally on different trials. Examination of the relationship between basketball referee's mental well-being and emotional regulation levels. When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Koole, S. L. (2009). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: a clinical perspective. Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: a meta-analysis. Cortex 49, 27992811. Disclaimer. Karaam A, Orhan BE, zdemir AS, Sabuncu AA, Mereut C. Heliyon. Consider all of these factors before you react to someone with hostility. However, in most experimental studies testing the effectiveness of given strategies, personality characteristics are not measured. 33, 346350. 2. a state in which assistance from others is expected or actively sought for emotional or financial support, protection, security, or daily care. Emotion 10, 783795. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00688.x. J. Pers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 136-157. First of all, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have addressed the interaction of situational and dispositional determinants of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. In this case reappraisal may be less useful or adaptive. Their studies focus on exploring specific regulation strategies. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The preparation of the article was supported by BST 2016/177740 grant received by DK from Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw. Emotion-regulation choice. Careers. Psychol. MeSH anger).Emotions can change the environment which, in turn, alters the probability of experiencing a certain emotion.Emotion regulation refers to ho. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Int. Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U. As Hollenstein et al. Getting better over time: A framework for examining the impact of emotion regulation training. doi: 10.1037/a0023340, Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., and Gross, J. J. 24, 25052014. Behav. The automatic basis of resilience: Adaptive regulation of affect and cognition, in The Resilience Handbook: Approaches to Stress and Trauma, eds M. Kent, M. C. Davis, and J. W. Reich (New York, NY: Routledge), 5572. Brain research suggests we can take back our power by choosing the emotions that will form our response. Introduction. For example, distraction may be an effective strategy when used by a highly neurotic person in a mildly negative situation, but not in a strongly negative one nor used by a person who is low on neuroticism. Should You Be Polite to Your Romantic Partner? Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Inquiry 26, 126. Epub 2019 Mar 21. Briefly, the neural pathway they proposed is that the VLPFC, SMA, angular gyrus, and STG receive information about emotion and arousal from the amygdala. Psychol. Case Study: Conceptual Understanding of the Components of Fear. 85, 643657. 25, 440452. Of laat je helpen door n van de JoHo medewerkers door het, Voor steun aan de JoHo WorldSupporter en Smokey projecten en een bijdrage aan alle activiteiten op het gebied van internationale samenwerking en talentontwikkeling, Voor gebruik van de basisfuncties van JoHo WorldSupporter.org, Voor het gebruik van de kortingen en voordelen bij partners, Voor gebruik van de voordelen bij verzekeringen en reisverzekeringen zonder assurantiebelasting, Voor online toegang en gebruik van alle online boeksamenvattingen en studietools op WorldSupporter.org en JoHo.org, voor online toegang tot de tools en services voor werk in het buitenland, lange reizen, vrijwilligerswerk, stages en studie in het buitenland, voor online toegang tot de tools en services voor emigratie of lang verblijf in het buitenland, voor online toegang tot de tools en services voor competentieverbetering en kwaliteitenonderzoek, Voor extra steun aan JoHo, WorldSupporter en Smokey projecten. An official website of the United States government. Differ. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Article summary, Taraban & Shaw (2018). 2015;29(5):831-51. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.948388. During the account creation you can select 'I am a JoHo WorldSupporter Member'. Opin. Gross (1998b) specifically examined the difference between antecedent- and response-focused regulation strategies and found that although both methods were effective at reducing emotion expression, antecedent strategies (reappraisal) were better at reducing the experience of emotion while response strategies (suppression) induced physiological changes. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12267. Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: the role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility. The process model embeds these ER strategies in stages in which a need for regulation is identified, a strategy is selected and implemented, and monitoring occurs to track success. government site. Such a definition, however, does not cover the whole spectrum of emotion regulation processes, as sometimes people have instrumental rather than hedonic motives in the regulation of their emotions, for example, to decrease experiencing positive emotions in order to stay focused, or to increase the amount of negative emotions experienced to become more assertive (Gross, 2015a; Tamir, 2016; Ortner et al., 2018). Studies have shown that habitual use of reappraisal correlates positively with well-being and negatively with symptoms of psychopathology (Gross and John, 2003; Aldao et al., 2010), while using expressive suppression, is positively correlated with the symptoms of depression and negatively correlated with satisfaction in interpersonal relations (Gross and Levenson, 1993; Srivastava et al., 2009). Thus, strategy 1 may be effective when used in situation 1 by Person A, but not in situation 2 or not when used by Person B. Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., and Camras, L. (2004). (2012). In the end, it seems clear that emotion regulation is a conceptual rubric for a remarkable range of developmental processes, each of which may have its own catalysts and control processes. Emotion regulation can be aimed at reducing, strengthening, or maintaining the experience of either positive or negative emotions depending on the current needs or goals of an individual Gross, 1998, 2002, 2014; Aldao, 2013). People unconsciously use emotion regulation strategies to cope with difficult situations many times throughout each day. This essay offers a perspective on these issues by considering how emotion regulation should be defined, the various components of the management of emotion, how emotion regulation strategies fit into the dynamics of social interaction, and how individual differences in emotion regulation should be conceptualized and measured. Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. A person-by-situation approach to emotion regulation: cognitive reappraisal can either help or hurt, depending on the context. We argue that the effectiveness of specific emotion regulation strategies depends on the interaction of the features of a situation and personality characteristics of the individual regulating his/her emotions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Oatley, K., and Jenkins, J. M. (2003). 121, 276281. When emotions arise, individuals may use a number of processes to "influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions" (Gross, 1998, p. 271).Although research has mainly focused on emotion regulation considering the individual as a single isolated person, emotion regulation also involves interactive processes. Psychophisiology 39, 281291. Most importantly, Gross (1998a) believes that emotions can be modulated or changed, and modulation is what determines the final emotional response. In this way JoHo aims to contribute to a tolerant and sustainable world. doi: 10.21500/20112084.2040, Romer Thomsen, K. R., Whybrow, P. C., and Keingelbach, M. L. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a conceptual framework, in Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment, eds A. Kring and D. Sloan (New York, NY: Guilford), 1337. (2010), clinical populations used suppression more often than non-clinical ones. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 2nd Edn. Emotional regulation should be an essential focus for nurturing autistic children's well-being. 7 steps to help you make one of the biggest decisions of your life. For instance, Garnefski et al. Rev. Much of the research to date has focused on a strategy called cognitive reappraisal, which involves changing how one thinks about a situation to influence one's emotional response. (2011). Differ. Action orientation interacted with an activated emotion regulation strategy in predicting regulation outcomes (Kobyliska and Marchlewska, 2016): in a situation requiring emotion regulation (eliciting negative state) suppression was more effective than reappraisal in participants with a low level of action orientation. A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. PLoS One 9:e103484. However, when encountering relatively controllable stressors, changing the actual situation (problem-focused coping) might provide more advantages. 3-20). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Although the studies that addressed the topic of emotion regulation flexibility described above focused on the relation of situational context and emotion regulation effectiveness, we suggest that personality characteristics (relatively stable individual differences) may also be important determinants of the effectiveness of using different strategies. Psychol. A variety of factors might impede emotion regulation, including beliefs about negative emotions (that they are bad, or that were not able to control them), a lack of emotion-regulation skills, or situations that evoke especially powerful emotions (which is why situation selection is considered an emotion-regulation strategy). Several studies have directly addressed the topic of emotion regulation flexibility. Schwager, S., and Rothermund, K. (2014). Psychol. How Photos and Social Media Posts Wound Distanced Family Members, How to Make the Most of Your Relationships, Why Emotional Regulation Is Hard for Autistic Children, Can't Solve a Problem? doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.627, Rottenberg, J., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., and Gotlib, I. H. (2002). doi: 10.1080/02699930802619031, Koole, S. L., and Coenen, L. H. M. (2007). Gross, J. J. Identify the CAD violation! Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. 2023 Jun 26;23(1):466. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04966-8. Emotional control can be thought of as a facet of emotion regulation, but refers primarily to attempts by an individual to manage the generation, experience, or expression of emotion, and/or one's emotional responses (Gross, 1999 ). According to their proposed person-by-situation approach, the adaptability of different strategies of emotion regulation depends on the situational context in which they are applied. More recently, researchers have started to describe less effortful and more automatic (implicit) forms of emotion regulation. eCollection 2023 Jun. Most research has compared the effectiveness of these two strategies. J. Pers. Psychol. Koole, S. L., Schwager, S., and Rothermund, K. (2015a). Have you ever procrastinated on an assignment; if so, was the temporary relief you gained from momentarily avoiding your responsibilities worth the stress you encountered later? (2004) addressed the topic of flexibility effectiveness. Antecedent-focused regulation occurs before the emotion is fully experienced or during the emotion experience, whereas response-focused regulation occurs after the emotion has completely developed.

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