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. [187] However, he does mention that the modus operandi of the Catholic Church was to incorporate native elements of pagan European cultures into the general dogma of Catholicism, and the Native American elements could be perceived in the same way. Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world, due to the successful Second Agricultural, Commercial,[51] Scientific,[52] and Industrial[53] revolutions (propellers of modern banking concepts). The same time passed before its fall in AD 476. The Latin West (cultural definition) - A broad definition of the West is all countries that were shaped historically by Western Christianity - today's Catholic and Protestant churches. The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the papal hierarchy, quintessential Roman Empire's spiritual heritage authority, establishing then, until the Protestant Reformation, the civilization of Western Christendom. [26] Despite being located in the Far East, a country like Japan, in some contexts, is considered a part of the West as it aligns with the ideals of Western-style democracy; while a country like Cuba, located in the Western Hemisphere, is argued as not being a part of the West as it aligns with the ideals of socialism and communism. By the Middle Ages, Europeans began to use it to describe Europe. Jerusalem and Vicinity. Relative degree of religiosity by country. These differing conditions led to tension between the Roman Catholic Church, which served the former Western Roman Empire, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, which served the Eastern Roman empire. Large crowd outside Sacre Coeur in Paris, the . The Western Roman Empire provinces eventually were replaced by Northern European Germanic ruled kingdoms in the 5th century due to civil wars, corruption, and devastating Germanic invasions from such tribes as the Huns, Goths, the Franks and the Vandals by their late expansion throughout Europe. Now it is remaking the Continent", accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most peopleCatholic includedoften realize. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West (or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere") experienced a period of first, considerable decline,[46] and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development. [citation needed], Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Italy, Poland, and Portugal), more than half of the people state that religion is important,[169] and most Westerners nominally identify themselves as Christians (e.g. Countries like Australia and New Zealand, located in the Eastern Hemisphere are included in modern definitions of the Western world,[25] as these regions and others like them have been significantly influenced by the Britishderived from colonization, and immigration of Europeansfactors that grounded such countries to the West. Traditional Japanese society became an industrial and militarist power like the Western British Empire and the French Third Republic, and similar to the German Empire. The decline of the Byzantine Empire (13th15th centuries) began with the Latin Christian Fourth Crusade in AD 120204, considered to be one of the most important events, solidifying the schism between the Christian churches of Greek Byzantine Rite and Latin Roman Rite. Also referred to as "First World countries" or the "Cold War West," this group of nations stood in contrast to the Second World countries of the U.S.S.R.-led communist Soviet bloc. But these journeys had little permanent effect on eastwest trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia: namely the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism by European missionaries and merchants. Still, Russia accepted Eastern Christianity from the Byzantine Empire (by the Patriarch of Constantinople: Photios I) linking Russia very close to the Eastern Roman Empire world. [148], A common metanarrative of the Enlightenment is the "secularization theory". Furthermore, when the Ottoman empire closed off the Silk Road in 1453 CE, Western European countries such as France, Spain, and Great Britain sent explorers all over the world in search of new trade routes and new lands. [citation needed], Ancient Rome (6th century BC AD 476) is a term to describe the ancient Roman society that conquered Central Italy assimilating the Italian Etruscan culture, growing from the Latium region since about the 8th century BC, to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Rome has contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today. Since the eighteenth century, following European exploration, the word was used to indicate the regions of the world with European settlements. The three-day Visigoths's AD 410 sack of Rome who had been raiding Greece not long before, a shocking time for Graeco-Romans, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and St. Jerome, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken. [36][37] The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a socio-political concept that had been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity. [119], The concepts of a world of nation-states born by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of modernity, the Scientific Revolution[126] and the Industrial Revolution,[127] would produce powerful social transformations, political and economic institutions that have come to influence (or been imposed upon) most nations of the world today. It is a generally accepted Western view to recognize the existence of at least three "major worlds" (or "cultures", or "civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the Western: the Eastern world, the Arab and the African worlds, with no clearly specified boundaries. By Rome's central location at the heart of the Empire, "West" and "East" were terms used to denote provinces west and east of the capital itself. The most widely accepted modern definition of the "Western World" is based not upon geographical location but upon the cultural (or when appropriate, political or economic) identities of the countries in question. [179][180], Countries in the Western world are also the most keen on digital and televisual media technologies, as they were in the postwar period on television and radio: from 2000 to 2014, the Internet's market penetration in the West was twice that in non-Western regions. The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the ancient tyrannical and imperialistic Graeco-Roman times. May 2007. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral; but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain, it was in the United States' sphere of influence. From the time of Caesar (10044 BC) to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome dominated Southern Europe, the Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa and the Levant, including the ancient trade routes with population living outside. The Third World consisted of countries, many of which were unaligned with either, and important members included India, Yugoslavia, Finland (Finlandization) and Switzerland (Swiss Neutrality); some include the People's Republic of China, though this is disputed, since the People's Republic of China, as communist, had friendly relationsat certain timeswith the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics. It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity; Ancient Greece[d] and Ancient Rome[e] are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilizationGreece having heavily influenced Romethe former due to its impact on philosophy, democracy, science, aesthetics, as well as building designs and proportions and architecture; the latter due to its influence on art, law, warfare, governance, republicanism, engineering and religion. On one side was what we now call the Western Roman Empire, also known as the Occident (Latin for "sunset" or "western"), which included Italy and the European and African countries west of it. [citation needed], The Ancient Greek civilization had been growing in the first millennium BC into wealthy poleis, so-called city-states (geographically loose political entities which in time, inevitably end giving way to larger organisations of society, including the empire and the nation-state)[92] such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth, by Middle and Near Eastern ones (Sumerian cities such as Uruk and Ur; Ancient Egyptian city-states, such as Thebes and Memphis; the Phoenician Tyre and Sidon; the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively. [citation needed], The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods, by advancements in maritime technology such as the caravel ship introduced in the mid-1400s. The Philippines continued to fight against colonial rule in the PhilippineAmerican War. Among the Western European countries surveyed, only in Portugal (44%) do more than three-in-ten say they are absolutely certain that God exists. : Geographicus Rare Antique Maps", "There is no such thing as western civilisation", "Russia and the West: A Comparison and Contrast", Russia Between East and West: Perceptions and Reality, "Time to challenge Argentina's white European self-image, black history experts say", "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online", Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization, "The Evolution of Civilizations An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1979)", Section 31.8, The Intellectual Life of Arab Islam, "How Islam Created Europe; In late antiquity, the religion split the Mediterranean world in two. The US quickly emerged as the new imperial power in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area. [citation needed], The Roman Empire succeeded the approximately 500-year-old Roman Republic (c. 51030 BC). Eastern countries synonyms, Eastern countries pronunciation, Eastern countries translation, English dictionary definition of Eastern countries. This process of influence (and imposition) began with the voyages of discovery, colonization, conquest, and exploitation of Portugal enforced as well by papal bulls in 1450s (by the fall of the Byzantine Empire), granting Portugal navigation, war and trade monopoly for any newly discovered lands,[118] and competing Spanish navigators. In 1492 European colonialism expanded across the globe with the exploring voyage of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer Christopher Columbus. The Church in fact built Western civilization. [137], By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time,[138] and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000km2 (13,700,000sqmi),[139] 24% of the Earth's total land area. [31][32][33] Racism is cited to had been a contributing factor in the westerners' colonization of the new world, which today constitutes much of the "geographical" Western world. [173], Certain parts of the Western World have become notable for their diversity since the late 1960s. [212] These include Turkey, whose political leadership has since the 1920s tried to Westernize the predominantly Muslim country with only 3% of its territory within Europe. While the second option is the most appropriate and useful for an analysis focused on the international political consequences of civilizations, including relations between Latin America, on the one hand, and North America and Europe, on the other, he also mentions that the underlying conflict of Latin America belonging to the West must eventually be addressed in order to develop a cohesive Latin American identity. Before AD 1100, the Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture,[106] and seldom resorting to executions. Trinidad and Tobago. It is also used despite many developed countries or regions not being culturally Western (e.g. [117] The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 by the French Revolutionary Wars; abolition of the Roman Catholic Inquisition followed. [citation needed] Most of colonized nations received independence by 1960. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this is changing due to the influx of Protestants into the region. This is the time when the Huns (part of the ancient Eastern European tribes named barbarians by the Romans) from modern-day Hungary penetrated into the Dalmatian (modern-day Croatia) region then originating in the following 150 years in the Roman Empire officially splitting in two halves. Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. [citation needed] The Greeks would highlight what they perceived as a lack of freedom in the Persian world, something that they viewed as antithetical to their culture. [citation needed] In the aftermath of the Second World War, decolonizing efforts were employed by all Western powers under United Nations (ex-League of Nations) international directives. Western Palearctic, a part of the Palearctic realm, one of the eight biogeographic realms dividing the Earth's surface, Geopolitical Occident of Europe, according to the Intermediate Region theory of Dimitri Kitsikis, European Union (in blue) and European Free Trade Association (in green), Human Development Index Report (based on 2018 data, published in 2019), Relative geographic prevalence of Christianity versus the second most prevalent religion Islam and lack of either religion, in 2006. In addition, the microstates of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City are considered Western. Sinai. [citation needed]. ", Ibrahim Muteferrika, Rational basis for the Politics of Nations (1731)[115], In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian missionaries, had sought to cultivate trading with Asia and Africa. United States. Although the various parts of the Eastern world share many common threads, most notably being in the "Global South", they have never historically defined themselves collectively. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,". [204][205][206], The term "Western world" is sometimes interchangeably used with the term First World or developed countries, stressing the difference between First World and the Third World or developing countries. The Eastern European subregion stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east to the western borders of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. Lessing was defended by Moses Mendelssohn, although Mendelssohn diverged from pantheism to follow Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in arguing that God and the world were not of the same substance (equivalency). Rome. [166][24][167], In the 20th century, Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years,[168] and also elsewhere. Orientalism has been the only Western conception of a unified Eastern world not limited to any specific region(s), but rather all of Asia together.[13][14]. The various regions included in the term are varied, hard to generalize, and do not have a single shared common heritage. [55], Western culture, also known as Western civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, is the heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world. (Michael Adams, Trans. English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Since the fall of the iron curtain the following countries are generally accepted as the Western world:[165] the United States, Canada; the countries of the European Union plus the UK, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland; Australia and New Zealand. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks consolidated control over the eastern Mediterranean, closing off key overland trade routes. [215] The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a socio-political concept, and has been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity. D. The following countries are in the Western Hemisphere region: Canada. The Pope crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans of the newly established Holy Roman Empire and the West began thinking in terms of Western Latins living in the old Western Empire, and Eastern Greeks (those inside the Roman remnant of the old Eastern Empire). [g], The Eastern Roman Empire, governed from Constantinople, is usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire after AD 476, the traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire and beginning of the Early Middle Ages. In particular, Toynbee refers to the intelligentsia formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past. The concept of the "Western World" originated in the actions of the Roman emperor Diocletian, who chose in 285-286 CE to divide his empire into two halves, each with its own separate capital, government, and church. However, there are also two sub-regions that may or may not be included. An anti-Western riot in 1182 broke out in Constantinople targeting Latins. [185][186] Huntington also states that, while in general researchers consider that the West has three main components (European, North American and Latin American), in his view, Latin America has followed a different development path from Europe and North America. Although not part of Western colonization process proper, following the Middle Ages Western culture in fact entered other global-spanning cultures during the colonial 15th20th centuries. [188], Subjectively, Latin Americans are divided when it comes to identifying themselves. [129] Also, the new philosophical movement later known as Romanticism originated, in the wake of the previous Age of Reason of the 1600s and the Enlightenment of 1700s. The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order. [189][190], Most of South Africa's population is not of European ancestry, excepting a sizeable minority. Use of the term West as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world. These are seen as fostering the 19th century Western world's sustained economic development. Some regions in Latin America incorporate indigenous cultures, which did not exist in Europe and were effectively annihilated in the United States, and whose importance oscillates between two extremes: Mexico, Central America, Peru and Bolivia, on the one hand, and Argentina and Chile on the other. Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans and other nonconformists, English Catholics, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, and Moravians. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Colombia. Christianity, primarily the Roman Catholic Church,[62][63][64] and later Protestantism[65][66][67][68] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century,[69][70][71][72][73] as did Judaism. The extreme eastern edge of the Russian mainland is also a part of the Western Hemisphere. Grenada. [171][172], Since the mid twentieth century, the west became known for its irreligious sentiments, following the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolution, inquisitions were abolished in the 19th and 20th centuries, this hastened the separation of church and state, and secularization of the Western world where unchurched spirituality is gaining more prominence over organized religion. [141] As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread throughout the Western World. Situated in, toward, or facing the east. The light green places show the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts. Making matter worse was a pervasive cultural belief, inspired by a claim from the ancient Greek historian Herodotus that the Greeks defeated the Persians in 480-479 BCE because "free people fight better than slaves", that the people of the west were somehow more noble or free than those of the east. Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome. [9] This concept is further debated because in some English-speaking countries, common vernacular associates the "Asian" identity to people of East Asian origin,[10][11] while in some countries the "Asian" identity is associated with people of South Asian origin, and in other contexts, Asian regions such as the Indian subcontinent are included with Eastern Asia. [142][143] The dictum of Alfred Thayer Mahan is shown to have lasting relevance, that whoever controls the seas controls the world. [16][17][18] A geographical concept of the West started to take shape in 4th century CE when Constantinethe first Christian Roman emperor divided the Roman Empire between the Greek East and Latin West. [28] The progress of the West in the attainment of Women's rights since the late nineteenth century has been noticeable; in the twenty-first century, women in general of the West have been considered the "liberated, autonomous subjects" in comparison to women from 'other cultures' who are still becoming so. [citation needed], The then Hellenic division between the barbarians (term used by Ancient Greeks for all non-Greek-speaking people) and the Greeks contrasted in many societies the Greek-speaking culture of the Greek settlements around the Mediterranean to the surrounding non-Greek cultures. Privatization policies (involving government enterprises and public services) and multinational corporations are often considered a visible sign of Western nations' economic presence, especially in Third World countries, and represent a common institutional environment for powerful politicians, enterprises, trade unions and firms, bankers and thinkers of the Western world. In the early 4th century, the central focus of power was on two apart Imperial (including army generals') legacies, within the Roman Empire: the older Aegean Sea Greek heritage (of Classical Greece) in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the newer most successful Tyrrhenian Sea Latin heritage (of Ancient Latium and Tuscany) in the Western Mediterranean. [i], In AD 800 under Charlemagne, the Early Medieval Franks established an empire that was recognized by the Pope in Rome as the Holy Roman Empire (Latin Christian revival of the ancient Roman Empire, under perpetual Germanic rule from AD 962) inheriting ancient Roman Empire's prestige but offending the Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople, and leading to the Crusades and the eastwest schism. Based on a 20062008 worldwide survey by Gallup. Today, the most widely used definition of the Western World, also known as the "Latin West," is based entirely on culture rather than geography. [194][195][196] English and Afrikaans most similar to Dutch are two of South Africa's eleven official languages. [citation needed], The Latin Rite Catholic Church of western and central Europe split with the eastern Greek-speaking Patriarchates in the Christian EastWest Schism, also known as the "Great Schism", during the Gregorian Reforms (calling for a more central status of the Roman Catholic Church Institution), three months after Pope Leo IX's death in April 1054. The name Byzantine Empire was first used centuries later, after the Byzantine Empire ended. [citation needed], The West has been recognised for its politically individualist beliefs. First is the Orthodox World, which collects the countries of Eastern Europe, such as Russia, Greece, and Slovakia. The 1980s advent of Mikhail Gorbachev led to the end of the Cold War following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Despite this, Christianity, in its different forms, remains the largest faith in most Western countries. western - relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts; . Carried to its limit, this would in practice include almost everyone within the West, in one way or another. [3] Other than much of Asia and Africa, Europe has absorbed almost all of the societies of Oceania, North Asia and the Americas into the Western world because of settler colonization.[4][5]. [1] The country's elite started the Westernization efforts, beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, who took power as the first president of the modern Turkish nation-state in 1923, imposed western institutions and dress, removed the Arabic alphabet and embraced the Latin alphabet. [34][35] Starting from the late 1960s, certain parts of the Western World have become notable for their diversity. In this usage, Western World refers to all of the countries of Western Europe, as well as those countries shaped by Western European culture. The extremely wealthy (after previous Crusades) Venetians in particular made a successful attempt to maintain control over the coast of Catholic present-day Croatia (specifically the Dalmatia, a region of interest to the maritime medieval Venetian Republic moneylenders and its rivals, such as the Republic of Genoa) rebelling against the Venetian economic domination.

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