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They sponsor election-monitoring Sometimes Step 4: Train Employees. But governments can be oppressive too. How is religious freedom protected in South Africa? An empirical examination of religious/spiritual struggle among Israeli Jews. Similarly, focusing exclusively on terrorist organizations, Piazza (2009) shows that there is no association between Islamist groups and the lethality of terrorist attacks after controlling for Al-Qaida groups, whereas groups with linkages to Al-Qaida are found to be more likely to commit such attacks. The results are presented in Table 2. Top management should be making sure their organization and employees alike are always doing the right and ethical thing. Employees should always make the request . counts the costs of conflict with communities, bringing home how destructive it vehicles on the road at night, a tipped-off neighbouring tribe packing up and For instance, we show that there is great variation in lethality across conflicts with different types of Islamist claims, thereby offering a more nuanced understanding of the deadliness of religious conflicts. 2010. Hijacking a car, they which works for peace. As is ), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. Don't assume employers, colleges or schools that require COVID-19 vaccinations will offer religious exemptions. perpetrators hug each other. "Why Religions Facilitate War" and "How Religions Facilitate Peace" were prepared by J.William Frost for the Friends Association for Higher Education Conference at Haverford College, June 16-19, 2005. The challenge by MEK against the theocratic regime of Iran is an example of this type of conflict. Third, the strengthening of democracy on both national and local levels is necessary. Religious identity is the second main variable of the RELAC data. , Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Basedau Matthias, Pfeiffer Birte, Vllers Johannes. Religionspsychologie. Sometimes the importance of spirituality in guiding behavior Why? Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. September [on the way to imperial hyperpower? The focus is on all government-rebel dyads in armed conflicts above the twenty-five battle-related deaths threshold during the period 1975 to 2015. Commonly, this type of escalation is made by a new organization that emerges and states new positions. Previous research has made important contributions to the research field on religion and conflict (e.g., Gleditsch and Rudolfsen 2016; Svensson 2007; Toft 2006; Vllers, Pfeiffer, and Basedau 2015), but data limitations have also hampered the analysis of various dimensions of religious conflicts. Grom, B. bug in the system. Department of Spiritual Care, Psychology of Religion, and Religious Education, Faculty of Theology, Institute of Practical Theology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, You can also search for this author in 11.We rely on Clarify for the predicted probabilities (Tomz, Wittenberg, and King 2003). For example, Fatah and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the conflict against Israel were secular-leaning organizations that did not state any religious aspirations at the onset of the conflict. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 2941. (Ed.). Religious and spiritual struggles as concerns for health and well-being. In early January of 2015, Boko Haram killed up to two thousand people in Baga, Northern Nigeria. Noted scholars continue to echo the dual sentiment that religion brings war, religion brings peace.. Darmstadt: Primus. it] to show that they are connected. Christianity between new spirituality and forgotten god]. It is the set of rules and regulations that need to be followed by all staff of the workplace. Our new data that separate between religious identities and issues make possible for future research to explore these patterns in more depth. An official website of the United States government. We can note that in total during this period, there have been eighty-one conflict dyads where the claim has high salience, whereas only twenty-seven conflict dyads are over low salience. Pathologische Religiositt: Genese, Beispiele, Behandlungsanstze [pathological religiosity: Genesis, examples, treatment approaches]. foresight. It is worth examining escalations and deescalations of religious demands beyond escalation occurring through new rebel formations. Religious and spiritual struggles. 2015. First, this paper presents guiding questions for such a context-sensitive conflict analysis; second, it presents an analytical model that visualizes the relevant conflict factors, dimensions of religion and types of coping and facilitates questions about their interactions. neighbour, call people to arms, and raise the stakes in their pursuit of power. Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Wilt, J. It has been a feature from its origin to the present. Donors are remarkable not only in their conviction and commitment, but also in their This article introduces the Religion and Armed Conflict (RELAC) data, 1975 to 2015, which is a new data set suitable for analyzing the causes, dynamics, and resolution of religious conflicts. In H. Streib & R. W. Hood Jr. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Third and finally, conflicts fought over both religious issues and with different religious identities have become more common, in particular during the last couple of years. means most of the world), religious groups are simply too big to Hence, religious identity conflicts are those in which the constituencies of each of the conflict actors come from different faith traditions, and here, we consider all the major world religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. ), Pastoral psychology and psychology of religion in dialogue (pp. Abu-Raiya, H., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Agbaria, Q. First, conflicts in which parties come from the same religious traditions and where there is a religious incompatibility have increased over time. Keller, B., Durham, M., & Houben, F. (2016). Utsch, M. But one area thats underexplored is how people of faith can When conflict prevention is examined through a faith-based lens, a different to intervene in internal conflicts, however high the levels of atrocity. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). A burnt house? is explicit, as in Solomon Islands where the hands of ex-combatants are symbolically Subsequently, we describe the data set, providing information about key definitions and the scope of our data. Spiritual struggles among atheists: Links to psychological distress and well-being. Does negative religious coping accompany, precede, or follow depression among orthodox Jews? Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. They are expected to show value for money and steer In contexts where large parts of the population are religious (which Of course these are success stories. Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Midlarsky, E. (2011). Taken together, religious identity conflicts go in totally different directions depending on whether we are examining the religious issue or not. By introducing these new data on religious issues, we are able to capture important variations within the category of religious conflict. Because the founders had the foresight to know The importance of relationship comes into focus. First, by focusing on the incompatibilitythe stated original positions of the conflict partieswe avoid analytical overlaps with potential religious causes of conflicts, which can be examined independently. : An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Clash of Civilisations and Escalation of Domestic Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In the Its only in its deviant form that religion leads to violence. (Eds. The .gov means its official. 1 From the Bible to 1914. vol. , Islamists and Nationalists: Rebel Motivation and Counterinsurgency in Russias North Caucasus, Tomz Michael, Wittenberg Jason, King Gary. We also extend our thanks to the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their excellent suggestions and feedback. Please try refreshing the page. Gtersloh: Gtersloher Verlagshaus. For each calendar year, a specific search string related to violence is entered, an exercise that results in around 50,000 to 80,000 news items that are analyzed by trained coders following preset coding criteria developed by the UCDP. Violence is not something alien to religion. But always, and even in the most desperate of places, Ive come Thus, while we here provide some initial evidence for which types of claims that are associated with low- and high-intensity conflicts, many important questions remain to be examined using these new disaggregated data on claims. By utilizing the self-proclaimed aspirations of the parties, we circumvent making any detached scholarly judgment that may have little bearing in reality. In contrast, an issue-based conceptualization centers on whether the incompatibility of the armed conflict is focusing on religious issues (e.g., Hassner 2009; Svensson 2007; Toft 2007). However, there are differences in how these three types of religious conflicts have evolved over time (see Figure 5). Yet, their data set is restricted geographically and temporally, as it is only available for developing countries and for the time period 1990 to 2010. ), God Bless America. An example is the conflict between LTTE and the government of Sri Lanka, in which LTTE (defeated in 2009) originally demanded an explicitly secular state, and this demand was one of the contentious issues in the conflict with the Sinhala-dominated government. simply being a local, permanent, trusted presence that bequeaths legitimacy and Government Funding of Faith-Based Organizations May 2009 The debate over the meaning of the Establishment Clause. A dead child? (2010). RELAC allows for exploration of escalation (or shifts) of demands, albeit only through one empirical process. We all see many indications of it every day and we all know it when we see it. Separatist evangelist demands entail aspirations for an increased role of Christianity in a specific territory, whereas Revolutionary evangelist claims, by contrast, refer to aspirations that concern an increased role of Christianity in the government of the whole state, rather than being bound to a specific piece of territory within the national territorial borders. The Crusades helps us to understand the long history of religion and violence. (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Eds. Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. Join the conversation: get our weekly email, We encourage anyone to comment, please consult, Boko conflicts are set in motion than about their causes. provide and their closeness to people at lifes most important moments mean Even if they werent, there is a lot to learn from them. around conflict prevention on its head. For example, Toft and Zhukov (2015, 22425) argue that some Islamist groups, due to the scope of their Salafi-Jihadi goals and support structuresboth transcending state boundariesare less sensitive to coercion and have greater incentives to escalate violence than nationalist groups. Historian Scott Appleby says that religion has an ability to sustain cycles of violence beyond the point of rational calculation and enlightened self-interest. intensely so now. This button displays the currently selected search type. RELAC should be a valuable resource for scholars, examining religious dimensions of intrastate armed conflicts. Faith-based approaches are These eight major military expeditions originated in Western Europe between 1096 and 1270 . What are the causes of Moro conflict in the Philippines? 3-21). Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. Slle D. (1990). Of the religious issue conflicts, a majority, 75 percent, is fought between governments and groups with Islamist claims, whereas a minority of the conflicts, 8 percent, is over evangelist claims, 16 percent of the rebel groups have a secular agenda, and 1 percent is over other claims (i.e., with a Sikh claim). response, but experience shows that the more localised the responses are, the In addition, for those cases where both sides are culturally part of a major world faith tradition, we also provide information on whether they belong to different subtraditions, specifically Shia and Sunni Islam, for the Muslim tradition, and Orthodox, Roman-Catholic and Protestant for the Christian tradition. Thus, there is a great diversity in the types of religious conflicts that are considered here. An example is the Lords Resistance Army (LRA)an armed group that stated explicit Christian demands at the onset of conflict (including that the Ten Commandments should govern the country). (2016). The analysis shows that there is important variation across the different types of claims. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 565575. This paper is based upon his A History of Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim Perspectives on War and Peace, vol. Exploring trends over time, conflicts where the belligerents on each side of the fault lines come from different religious faith traditions experience a slight increase after the end of the Cold War, as shown in Figure 4. In conducting job interviews, employers can ensure nondiscriminatory treatment by asking the same questions of all . SpiritualittDie Karriere eines Begriffs: Eine religionspsychologische Perspektive [spiritualityThe career of a concept: A psychology of religion perspective]. (2006). set of factors come to the foreground. 2016. 380398). Encourage employees to accept differences. Freuds bleibende Aktualitt: Psychoanalyserezeption in der Pastoral- und Religionspsychologie im deutschen Sprachraum und in den USA [Freuds permanent relevance: Psychoanalysis reception in pastoral psychology and psychology of religion in the German-speaking world and in the USA]. 1): Context, theory, and research (pp. This variable captures whether the religious majority of the constituencies of the conflict actorsthe government and the rebel groupare separated in terms of their religious identities. When we are prevented from accomplishing a goal at work, we often say that what got in the way was office politics. If a less-qualified job candidate is hired over a more qualified one, we conclude that it was politics that somehow won the day. Yet, this needs to be seen in light of the number of armed conflicts active in each region, and many of the conflicts fought in the Middle East are over a religious issue. A., Grubbs, J. Academy teaches orphaned children whose parents were killed during successive When it comes to today's crises, religion isn't just part of the problemit's part of the solution. really is. Others contend that true religion is peaceful. For example, MILF in the Philippines and the IS both took up arms in the name of religion, but they have clearly very different ideological bases. HORIZONTE-Revista de Estudos de Teologia e Cincias da Religio, 14(41), 4875. Furthermore, our data also provide a more nuanced understanding of the deadliness of religiously defined conflicts, as the analysis reveals that there is great variation in lethality across conflicts with different types of Islamist claims. This is ironic, because working with religious groups has In When Religion Becomes Evil, Charles Kimball defines religion as that which evokes a wide variety of images, ideas, practices, beliefs, and experiences some positive and some negative.. They are risk averse, and working with religious groups Here, we draw on and develop Piazzas (2009) categorization of ideologies of Islamist terrorist groups and in particular his distinction between goal structures of the so-called strategic groups (including national-liberation and regime-change movements), which resonates with our categories of separatist Islamist and revolutionary Islamist claims and abstract universal groups that resonates with our category transnational Islamist. bridges between decision-makers, working over the long term so that these Exline, J. J., Hall, T. W., Pargament, K. I., & Harriott, V. A. Another group in Jos organises local peace committees. Whereas our data set does not capture changes in claims over time by one and the same group, which some previous data collections do (e.g., Isaacs 2016, allows for temporal variation across groups), it is nevertheless possible to examine the type of escalation that occurs when new groups are established within the same insurgency. non-faith based organisations too. Religious wars: Many wars were fought in the past either to spread particular religions or destroy rival faiths. Worldviews are underpinned by religious philosophies from which , Clarify: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results, Vllers Johannes, Pfeiffer Birte, Basedau Matthias. The approach to The use of mediation (among other forms of peacekeeping) has been used by the United Nations with some success in resolving international conflicts, such as the one in Cyprus during the 1970s. The claims are secularist in the sense that they aspire to establish an explicitly secular state or autonomy, in contrast to a religiously defined government that they are challenging. However, we still do not know why that is the case. Spiritualitt im care-Bereich: Begriffsklrungen zu palliative care, spiritual care und Spiritualitt [spirituality in the care area: Definitions of palliative care, spiritual care and spirituality]. But to recognize that violence often involves religion is ), Palliative und Spiritual Care [Palliative and spiritual care] (pp. people draw strength to persevere with relationship building in testing Yet, even if belligerents would not be honest about their true preferences in regard to religious aspirations, religiously framed conflicts may follow different empirical trajectories than others, for example, religious framing may decrease the scope for effective conflict resolution processes.

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