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Reflecting changes in the international system, theories of war have passed through several phases in the course of the past three centuries. For instance, Geoffrey Blainey argues that war is a result of miscalculation of strength. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There are two main schools: One sees organized warfare as emerging in or after the Mesolithic as a result of complex social organization and greater population density and competition over resources; the other sees human warfare as a more ancient practice derived from common animal tendencies, such as territoriality and sexual competition. The term war effort was coined in conjunction with these efforts. An example of this was when the military would contract companies such as Boeing to produce war resources for them. [100][101] Some centrist, capitalist, world leaders, including Presidents of the United States and U.S. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. During a war, brief pauses of violence may be called for, and further agreed to ceasefire, temporary cessation, humanitarian pauses and corridors, days of tranquility, de-confliction arrangements. Some proponents of the idea argue that war, while innate, has been intensified greatly by developments of technology and social organization such as weaponry and states. The death toll of World War II, being over 60million, surpasses all other war-death-tolls.[48]. Learn a new word every day. Its role was to oversee the war effort in Minnesota. 2023. Translations. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Only you will see it until the Cambridge Dictionary team approves it, then other users will be able to see it and vote on it. ", Hewitt, Joseph, J. Wilkenfield and T. Gurr, Welch distinguishes: "tangible goods such as arms, wealth, and provided they are strategically or economically valuable territory and resources" from "intangible goods such as credibility and reputation" , *The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 9071368, 1994, p. 622, cited by White. [14] Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. (Most of the time.). Hear a word and type it out. [120] Under one game theory approach, rationalist theories posit all actors can bargain, would be better off if war did not occur, and likewise seek to understand why war nonetheless reoccurs. War also remained a stark but rational instrumentality in certain more limited conflicts, such as those between Israel and the Arab nations. By All Military Meanings Necessary: Vocab Quiz. Proportionality regards how much force is necessary and morally appropriate to the ends being sought and the injustice suffered. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, British and American pronunciations with audio, As with other middle and upper class women who joined the, Finally, the power of the labour movement had grown as manpower became an increasingly key resource in the. total war, military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory, as distinguished from limited war. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Rationalism (and Neorealism (international relations)) operate under the assumption that states or international actors are rational, seek the best possible outcomes for themselves, and desire to avoid the costs of war. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. war effort doesn't have a definition yet. They treat war as an institution recognized in custom or in law . We need to resolve our conflicts without resorting to, People behave differently during a time of, The taking of American hostages was seen as an, Russia has lost at least 72 aircraft over the course of the, The relationship is also mutually beneficial: American forces are learning from Ukrainian soldiers engagement with a near-peer adversarysomething the U.S. hasnt encountered since the Korean, After France was defeated, the Confederacy could not use the European country as an ally to win the, But the two sides have been launching long-range strikes since last week in apparent anticipation of Ukraines upcoming counteroffensive, expected to be one of the most decisive phases of the, Ukraine denied any involvement, saying Moscow could use it for further escalation of the, The leak has created friction between Ukraine and the United States, its biggest backer in the, The trouble for Putin is that Russia does not control the entirety of those four regions, and never has during the, Schwab-Pomerantz also offered her views on crypto investing and artificial intelligenceand supporting Ukraine in a time of, The 16th main installment takes place in a medieval fantasy world, one where, The hurdles come as separate agreements brokered last summer by Turkey and the U.N. to keep supplies moving from the, For the past decade, the group has lived away from Mali due to ongoing violence between the, Palter, Dissemble, and Other Words for Lying, Skunk, Bayou, and Other Words with Native American Origins, Words For Things You Didn't Know Have Names, Vol. [70], Most estimates of World War II casualties indicate around 60million people died, 40million of whom were civilians. They treat war as an institution recognized in custom or in law. Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . Maori . might determine the difference between victory and defeat. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. The War Powers Act is a congressional resolution designed to limit the U.S. president's ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad. It works the same way in any country. (Most of the time.). [71] Deaths in the Soviet Union were around 27 million. A distinctive feature of war since 1945 is that combat has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies. Pope Urban II in 1095, on the eve of the First Crusade, advocating Crusade as a solution to European overpopulation, said: For this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators. Copyright HarperCollins Publishers Definition of 'effort' effort (eft ) variable noun [oft NOUN to-infinitive] If you make an effort to do something, you try very hard to do it. Who Said "Who Knows What Women Can Be When They are Finally Free to Become Themselves"? Swank and Marchand's World War II study found that after sixty days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving military personnel will become psychiatric casualties. These words are often used together. One psychological theory that looks at the leaders is advanced by Maurice Walsh. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. In the usage of social science, certain qualifications are added. war, in the popular sense, a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude. [129]:150 Empirical data on the relationship of trade to peace are mixed, and moreover, some evidence suggests countries at war don't necessarily trade less with each other. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Transportation . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [142][143] Pauses in conflict can also be ill-advised, for reasons such as "delay of defeat" and the "weakening of credibility". the position north or south of the equator measured from 0 to 90, Obtaining information and deriving satisfaction: 5 different ways of saying get, Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023. Coordinated mobilization of society's resources towards supporting a military force, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States home front during World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_effort&oldid=1080344799, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Collection of Photographs of World War II, This page was last edited on 31 March 2022, at 18:15. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. [38], The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is World War II, from 1939 to 1945, with 7085million deaths, followed by the Mongol conquests[39] at up to 60million. Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and compulsive states, and character disorders.[61]. World War I, also called First World War or Great War, an international conflict that in 1914-18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. Omissions? Top Quotes by Hirohito That Are Strikingly Memorable. Offensive arms harm the enemy, while defensive weapons ward off offensive blows. [126], The rationalist theory focused around bargaining is currently under debate. Hear a word and type it out. soldiers armed and equipped for war. [90], The latter school argues that since warlike behavior patterns are found in many primate species such as chimpanzees,[91] as well as in many ant species,[92] group conflict may be a general feature of animal social behavior. [11], In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says approximately 9095% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare,[12] and many fought constantly. [131], The morality of war has been the subject of debate for thousands of years. war effort. Related terms for 'war effort': the British Legion, civil, civilian, civvy, collateral damage, evacuee, ex-service, ex-serviceman, ex-servicewoman Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. [.] In all ages war has been an important topic of analysis. Additionally, it has been estimated anywhere from 18% to 54% of Vietnam war veterans suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder. Delivered to your inbox! On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all enslaved people in the . [42][43][44] For instance, of the nine million people who were on the territory of the Byelorussian SSR in 1941, some 1.6million were killed by the Germans in actions away from battlefields, including about 700,000 prisoners of war, 500,000 Jews, and 320,000 people counted as partisans (the vast majority of whom were unarmed civilians). [132], Lewis Coser, an American conflict theorist and sociologist, argued conflict provides a function and a process whereby a succession of new equilibriums are created. The theorists held that war, in its modern, total form, if still conceived as a national state instrument, should be undertaken only if the most vital interests of the state, touching upon its very survival, are concerned. However, major wars over shorter periods have resulted in much higher casualty rates, with 100200 casualties per 100,000 over a few years. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Politics, University of Southampton, England, 196378. [116] Youth bulge theories have been criticized as leading to racial, gender and age discrimination.[117]. [104], The violent herderfarmer conflicts in Nigeria, Mali, Sudan and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by land degradation and population growth. Learn a new word every day. English Encyclopedia is licensed by Wikipedia (GNU). ), United States home front during World War II, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_effort&oldid=490247528, Collection of Photographs of World War II. (Definition of war and effort Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. and Throughout the course of human history, the average number of people dying from war has fluctuated relatively little, being about 1 to 10 people dying per 100,000. The public will see that our whole war effort being what it is, that [a] mistake is being made in pressing matters so far. war effort translation in English - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'make the effort, effortless, effortlessly, effrontery', examples, definition, conjugation Corrections? 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English war effort noun [ singular] things done by all the people in a country to help when that country is at war Examples from the Corpus war effort This belief was like a ball and chain for the allied war effort. [137] The principle of discrimination determines who are the legitimate targets in a war, and specifically makes a separation between combatants, who it is permissible to kill, and non-combatants, who it is not. The Iraq War proved to be an anomaly that undercuts the validity of applying rationalist theory to some wars. The SensagentBox are offered by sensAgent. Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in, Blanning, T.C.W. [93], Psychologist and linguist Steven Pinker argued that war-related behaviors may have been naturally selected in the ancestral environment due to the benefits of victory. Welchen Einfluss haben demografische Vernderungen auf die Entstehung von Konflikten? [61], Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the American Civil War, including about 6% in the North and approximately 18% in the South. [13], Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. [77][78] For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 145 million to 2 billion. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers. below. A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. The modern concept of a state belonging to its "people" carried the concomitant assumption that war was everybody's business and everyone, combatant or not, was expected to contribute actively to winning it. Thus, he argues, warfare is not a universal human occurrence and appears to have been a historical invention, associated with certain types of human societies. The situation changed fundamentally with the outbreak of the French Revolution, which increased the size of forces from small professional to large conscript armies and broadened the objectives of war to the ideals of the revolution, ideals that appealed to the masses who were subject to conscription.

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