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Both in Nakuru and Naivasha many gangs of youth, some proclaiming their membership to the sect, carried out massacres of non-Kikuyu residents. Apparently, the police rearrested the former, which they denied. In many African countries, there have been no national debates to evaluate and contextualize African customs and laws within the modern state. During the month of January, the sect remained rather discreet and many journalists thought that the summer massacres had completely disorganized Mungiki. During the second quarter of 2007, in particular, it carried out several murders in the outskirts of Nairobi (Kiambu, Banana Hill), apparently to frighten supporters who attempted to jump ship in the face of mounting police persecution. But how far can religious institutions step in for disaster preparedness? Baidhawy, Z. The Important Role of Faith-Based Organizations in the Context - RAND Islam & politics in Kenya. CONSTANTIN, F. (1997). However, during the elections, the Njenga family did not seem to stomach this situation any more and in 2007, sect members were murdered because they wished to leave the movement which was facing police persecution. This survey asked questions that mirrored those being asked at the national level by UN-ISDR and covered 100 measurable goals derived from the Hyogo Framework of Action (Wisner, 2010: 129). However, faced with the disaster, they did not bring themselves into disrepute like had happened in Rwanda. Jeunes Knyans entre drive mafieuse et rvolte sociale. Le Monde diplomatique, Janvier 2005, pp. The second section will detail the evolution of recognizing the role of religious institutions in DRR by international agencies. This led to a distinction of the upcountry Mungiki, who operated differently from the Mungiki in town. This influence can be analyzed by examining religious pluralism in Kenya. This was the case in Thika at the beginning of the 1990s when slum residents demonstrated against pollution from industries and working conditions. The clergy were also very involved in contemporary debates about Kikuyu ethnicity. In many ways, pluralism today represents a powerful ideal meant to resolve the question of how to get along in a conflict-ridden world (Bender and Klassen, 2010: 1). Indeed, a new squad called Kwekwe was set up to specifically fight against Mungiki. The elites refused to accept Mungikis presence in the public space and in the same vein denied the relevance of social issues that the sect dramatically raised. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. 43In the end, religious actors were only very secondary actors in the 2007 election campaigns and the crisis that followed the polls. In studying the role of religious belief and institutions in disaster management in South Korea, Ha (2015) found that diverse religions, and not just one dominant religion, have had an impact in the field of Korean disaster management. Thus, in early March, the movement, under the banner of Kenya National Youth Alliance organized a protest march in downtown Nairobi bringing together several thousands of people. Representative Muslim organizations do not share the same views and the ruling class easily managed to mobilize them against each other.10. Many youths belonging to Muslim organizations were arrested and handed over to American forces.6Several suspects of Somali origin found themselves denouncing their Kenyan nationality. But their move came too late. Moreover, leaders who are keen to mobilize violence can comfortably pay former soldiers in such a region where arms smuggling is rampant, particularly from Somalia. Almost nine-in-ten U.S. adults (89%) say religious institutions bring people together and strengthen community bonds. During election campaigns word went round that his church had excommunicated him and considered him apostate. 11 These rumours were aimed at discrediting R. Odinga, who is Anglican. Taylor, H., and Peace, R. (2015). Please send us your submissions: glob@icrc.org, The ICRC in Israel, Golan, West Bank, Gaza, Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library, International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction. Schipper E.L.F. Out of 10 seats, ODM won five. At the same time, other challenges exist: conflicting secular and religious worldviews, and concern over lack of independence from local political dynamics. Finally, the involvement of religious institutions could provide an opportunity for the religious fundamentalists for political mobilization. 36Tension between Mungiki and the State leadership can be interpreted as a consequence of the wounded pride of senior authorities. Like elsewhere, this legislation enabled the police to justify practices that particularly violated human rights. Even ministers from the region publicly stated that voters needed strong signals to be convinced by the incumbent.5. Release Political Prisoners, a much politicized and ethnicized NGO (essentially a Kikuyu movement) took over. It then offers a brief literature review from various countries, where religious institutions have been instrumental in DRR efforts through its different phases. 14Controversy over the agreement between ODM and Muslim organizations also sought to draw churches into the debate to the governments advantage. Nevertheless, this movement is not only a militia group which extorts money wherever it operates. But the Kikuyu elite showed some paranoia and all risks suffered by J. Michukis businesses were probably blamed unfairly on Mungiki. At Risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability and disasters, Second Edition. KATUMANGA, M. (2005). First, as Steven Kaplan's 1984 study of monastic holy men in Early Solomonic Ethiopia has demonstrated, monasticism played a key role in championing local traditions, opposing attempts by Solomonic rulers to enforce centralized rule . From John Lonsdales point of view, this interest stems from theological reasons: Kenyan political theology, a local version (some would call it a local subversion) of liberation theory, has created a cyclic tendency in the State cult.2 This outstanding analyst of the Kenyan political culture is right in asserting that religious leaders have a fascination with the State. Religious institutions are often central to local processes of identity and connection that comprise the social fabric of communities disrupted by disaster or conflict (Samuels et al. However, the situation remained particularly tense by the end of February2008.12. Ten years later, a dispute involving coffee cooperatives received religious support. In fact, most analysts only see militias in Mungiki youth. 10 It is an old dynamic. The role of religious institutions in preventing, eradicating, and Narrations kikuyu des lections gnrales en 2002 (Kenya). Politique Africaine, no. 345373). It is likely that in the short-term their political voice will remain inaudible. 15The election results from the Coast were clear. Even though most Imams in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan did not engage in economic activities, including pertaining to assisting with livelihood, people who gathered at the mosque for prayers, as well as socialize and coordinate relief activities, shared information and made livelihood decisions to support each other at the local level (Cheema et al., 2014: 2216). They supported all negotiations without trying to interfere. Most priests work in the parishes often situated in different dioceses or regions. The Coast, in particular, seems to be the province to woo by those with presidential ambitions.4 In fact, Muslim faithful have traditionally voted for the presidential candidate who went on to win the elections except in 2007, if the official results are anything to go by. However, by only looking at this aspect of Mungiki activities, they cannot find any explanation for the movements unique success. This was clearly in support of a democratic opposition, committed to defending human rights18 and which offered an alternative to the Moi regime. Both the media and politicians spoke of violence and the movements practices, without dealing with the sense or the political message conveyed by these actions. Rather, in India, the idea of secularism and pluralism is the coexistence of religions beyond mere tolerance of each others religious practices. (2001). Like other prophets, it must explain what is expected of leaders in order to arrive at a certain understanding of society. Thus, religious institutions currently find themselves at a crossroads, grappling with issues and difficulties not experienced by human rights NGOs. Voiceover: We've heard in general about institutions. The care and compassion was immanent through the deep involvement of the Rashtriya Seva Sangh (RSS) with the local communities immediate needs, their volunteers stepping in for rescue and relief operations before even that of the formal state. The prelates seemed too close to the political elite and not powerful enough to influence them. In the rest of the country, many tension zones emerged in the very places where ethnic cleansing had been experienced during the 1992 and 1997 elections. Alongside Patrick Cramer assuming the role of President, the Vice-Presidents also began a new term with a mix of new and familiar faces. Religious ProVention Consortium: Geneva. Indeed, the main religious structures, which are the most involved in public services, continued to work with the ruling class and appeared to endorse the Kibaki camp. Religious institutions are the visible and organized manifestations of practices and beliefs in particular social and historical contexts. 5175. The humanitarian project is not just a European tradition. Asian Indians: Cultural Considerations for Disaster Workers, In: Marsella A.J., Johnson J.L., Watson P., Gryczynski J. Thus, the sect found itself increasingly in the news but gradually lost its religious legitimacy. Members of the NCCK embarked on a repentance exercise (the journey of repentance led by the organization Secretary-General, Rev. Results: The findings of this systematic review that emerged from content analysis are summarized in 11 themes: religious institutions' potential for disaster management, preparedness of religious institutions for disasters, response, recovery, the social capital, partnership with all stakeholders, collaboration and communication between mental . This expert in communication managed to entrench the idea that Mungiki is a united mass movement, and whose followers are organized in a firm hierarchy (with model that is almost military), with a strong mobilizing or even revolutionary capacity. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA. 31At no moment does M. Mutua allude to Mungiki. Even young graduates have difficulty getting employed whereas there has been economic growth since 2003. Community vulnerability and resilience in disaster risk reduction: an example from Phojal Nalla, Himachal Pradesh, India, Regional Environmental Change, 18, 2073-2087. At the 74th Annual Meeting in Gttingen, several changes occurred within the Max Planck Society's leadership. They showed that it arose from of the widespread wave of prophetism that tends to be on the rise whenever the Kikuyu community considers itself in serious crisis and that it expects explanations to what it is experiencing. Mobilisations populistes musulmanes. Tags: disaster recovery, faith-based organizations, humanitarian action, multi-faith, religious leaders. Bhattacharjee (2016) found that disaster relief operation, in the aftermath of the 7.7 magnitude earthquake in 2001 in the Kutch region of western Indiawhich killed close to 20,000 peopleenabled Hindu organizations to disseminate and consolidate their ideology of Hindu-ness (Hindutva) and recruit new members. They terrorized passengers on all roads from Nairobi to western Kenya. (2020) Diversity During a Storm: Accommodating Religious Minorities in an Evacuation Shelter, In: Knox, C.C., and Haupt, B. Whereas Protestants speak of principles and morals, Catholics had a more technocratic approach: they sought bureaucratic solutions to avoid getting their structure entangled in partisan positions that could overwhelm them. But today, this support is limited and conditional and is perceived to come from an ethnicized or even Kikuyu organization. In the legislative elections, only two religious leaders were elected: Margaret Wanjiru (Starehe MP), who leads the Jesus Is Alive Ministries (JIAM), a Pentecostal outfit based in Nairobi and Rev. Together with mainstream Protestant churches, it agitated for the multiparty system. Oxfam, G.B. Bramadat, P. (2009). and academia and official channels focused on national so-called platforms for DRR (Wisner, 2010: 129). Almost every university and college founded in the U.S. and Europe until the mid-19th centuryand many afterwardswas founded by some religious organization (including Wesleyan, of course). It can be said that Kenyan politics is getting in step with its constitution, which envisages a structure of an officially secular State. Counseling was provided through sermons, lectures and talks in mosques and other communal places such as markets where Imams interacted with their communities. (2007). 2010). Herv Maupeu, The Role of Religious Institutions,Les Cahiers dAfrique de lEst / The East African Review, 38|2008, 287-316. Lintellectuel populaire et limaginaire politique. This is where the untapped potential of faith communities becomes apparent. How religions and religious leaders can help to combat the They have gained nothing from an improved economic situation that has brought no hope to the most populous age groups in the country. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. The prelate was at the time living within a community in the Kangemi area (Nairobi) where he noted first hand the degeneration of public services in Nairobi slums. VS Verlag fr Sozialwissenschaften. 15 Minister blames loss on witchcraft. KTN report broadcast by YouTube. Helms, S.E., and Thornton, J.P. (2012). The major finding by Ha (2015) is that religion has a role to play in supplementing care-oriented management, with mitigation-oriented management approaches, by better grasping the nature of a disaster and its effective management while responding to regional culture.

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