major causes of ethnic conflict in ethiopia pdfdivinity 2 respec talents

% document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Naira still remains in a free fall. Gross mismanagement of national resources and misrule by unqualified leaders, have impoverished and denied opportunities to majority of Nigerians since independence which has led to agitations by citizens. Now, jarring reports of killings and sexual violence have come out of Tigray, Ethiopias northernmost region. The swirls of economic bubbles are impacting the different regions of the country. The Causes of Ethnic Conflicts Mariana Tepfenhart mtepfenh@monmouth.edu . Loyalty to ethnic groups impedes true nationalism and unity of the country. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in. People fighting for ethnic groups have emerged in the recent time such as the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). From the colonial times till date, leaders use ethnic biases to win election and divide the country. Aiming at moving away from the strongly polarized accounts of the war, the panelists will address the reasons why the armed conflict erupted. . assassination attempt on Abiy in June 2018, embolden terrorist organizations such as Al-Shabab, more than 80 ethnic groups, and potentially leading to the breakup, announced sanctions against all sides in the conflict, remove Ethiopia from a U.S. trade program, cut aid to Ethiopia in September 2020, with officials in his administration saying the country had not abided, closer military and trade ties with Russia, Research Fellow: Ecosystems in the Global Biodiversity Framework. This paper seeks to examine the causes and management of ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, with a particular reference to the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara and Oromo. Numerous countries will hold elections in 2020. The armed conflict between the Ethiopian National Defense Forces and the Tigrayan regional forces, which erupted on the eve of November 3, was the latest in a long series of confrontations between Ethiopias Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the leaders of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which governs the regional state bordering Eritrea. 0000010086 00000 n Ethiopians suspect that U.S. foreign policy is being influenced in part by Washingtons support for Egyptian president Abdul Fattah al-Sisi in a dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, an enormous hydroelectric power project on the Blue Nile that Ethiopia says it needs for a reliable electrical grid and economic development. 0000013857 00000 n A Chance for Cooperative Development or Festina Lente, ACM Principles and Protocols to Resolve the Natural Resources based Competition and Allocation in Ethiopia RP Vol. Until we define the Nigerian dream, ethnic crisis may continue to dog the country. Moreover, ethnic conflict is a contested area of study in the studies of politics, many theories have been proposed to explain what the root causes of ethnic conflict are. To create a sense of balance and share appointments and projects fairly, Government established Federal Character Commission but this has not stopped protests since government sometimes fail to use federal character for all appointments, hence the clamor for resource control among other demands. 1 0 obj A case study of Lare District, in the Gambella region of Ethiopia, Somalia as a Market for Private Military and Security Companies: Definitions, Agents and Services. Violent conflicts are likely if changes in the economic situation of a state (e.g . Resource control is a hot issue which has refused to go away due to environmental degradation of the area and lack of . The consociational principle of power sharing, e.g., mutual veto, proportionality and quota should be used to mute ethno-political conflict by avoiding violent decision against the rights of the minority (either ethnic or political). The transition of power has not resulted in long-term peace, stability, or solidarity in the country. 0000013677 00000 n Theories of causes It is argued that rebel movements are more likely to organize around ethnicity because ethnic groups are more apt to be aggrieved, better able to mobilize, and more likely to face difficult bargaining challenges compared to other groups. A humanitarian and political crisis is evolving, with long lasting ramifications for Ethiopia and for the Horn of Africa region. 0000003740 00000 n The new constitution should devolve power over resource development and distribution from the central government, to states and local governments to make sure of economic justice and equity. The largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia are the Oromo and Amhara. Christian ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria fear the Norths political power which they think they could use to Islamize the country. What I want to emphasize is that leaders has to be kin to practice adaptive leadership. The thesis was carried out to scrutinize post-1991 nature, causes and consequences of inter-ethnic conflicts between Amhara and Oromo after the structure of constituent states of our country Ethiopia organized based on ethnic lines/with the introduction of ethic federalism/. The concluding remarks clearly stipulated the instigation of local officials and authorities were a prominent factor besides the other social, environmental, cultural and economic causes for the activation of ethnic conflict between Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups in East Wollega, Oromia. After political reforms in 2018 in Ethiopia, persistent conflicts, riots, violations, and political tensions, which remained beyond the control of the government, bring about this study. To learn more, visit Finally, the thesis proposed recommendations to address the inter-ethnic conflict and eviction of this ethnic groups by suggesting different mechanisms for the government and concerned bodies. In these land disputes kith and kin kill themselves cheaply because of tussle over ownership of land. Amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates made up of many ethnic groups with different languages and cultures, was an error which Nigeria suffers till date. The comments were made on Nov. 17, 2021, as Blinken began a five-day trip to Africa during which he will speak with regional leaders about concerns of an all-out civil war in the continents second most populous nation. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic country where various ethnic groups have lived together for millennia, in relative peace. This sparked a retaliatory strike by government forces and a declaration of a state of emergency by Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. November 4, 2022 in the 1960s. Both the TPLF and federal government forces have been accused by the United Nations of human rights violations, including systematic ethnically based rape and massacres. Due to different factors, the Amharas have settled in many areas of Oromia region by migrating from their home. Corruption and unqualified leaders cause ethnic conflict in Nigeria. 0000022565 00000 n The ethnic tension and conflict among dominant group are often politically manipulated in order to fracture potential political alliances that might threaten the political supremacy of TPLF. Join the list today.]. 0000007173 00000 n The major causes of such armed ethnic conflicts in Africa continue to baffle both scholars and policymakers. With the newfound oil and gas wealth, what is the future of the Somali Region? The ongoing process of the infrastructural unification of Ethiopia, through roads and other investments, has entailed a levelling of the ways of life of the Ethiopian peoples, in spite of their continued cultural diversity. June 23, 2023, Religion and Foreign Policy Webinar: Religion and Technology, Virtual Event Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Of course, its socioeconomic impacts in underdeveloped and/or developing countries is very much significant. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. Chapter 22 Daatsin, a Newly Identified Undocumented Language of Western Ethiopia: a Preliminary Examination Colleen Ahland SIL International, Similative Morphemes As Purpose Clause Markers in Ethiopia and Beyond Yvonne Treis, Early Back-To-Africa Migration Into the Horn of Africa, Practices, Challenges and Opportunities of Using Gumuzgna As a Medium of Instruction in Four Primary Schools of Metekel Zone, 2. Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. 0000002011 00000 n ): A Delicate Balance. Among the major causes of conflict, it is possible to mention such factors as a breakdown of governmental structures, increased pressure over natural resources (e.g. endobj She has focused on the implementation of ethnic federalism on the ground in Southern Ethiopia, the EPRDFs ideas of revolutionary democracy and the developmental state, regime-youth interactions, and female political participation in authoritarian contexts. with Heidi Campbell and Paul Brandeis Raushenbush The show and use of force by some members of the armed forces, police and political office holders, give citizens wrong role models to copy. The Legacy of Power Sharing in Kenya: Literature Challenges and Research Agenda's Invisibilities, 'No one can stay without someone' Transnational networks amongst the Nuer-speaking peoples of Gambella and South Sudan freddie carver aNd duol ruach Guok, Decentralisation as Ethnic Closure, with Special Reference to a Declining Negotiated Access to Natural Resources in Western Ethiopia Dereje Feyissa, The New State of South Sudan: Econmic and Secuity Diamesions to Ethiopia, From Subject to Citizen? by Guest Blogger for John Campbell It identifies major conflicts during the three most. Heres what to know about the unfolding humanitarian crisis. The content on the InfoGuide Nigeria is provided as general information only. The finding showed that the conflict dynamics in Ethiopia are complicated and it is increasing from time to time. You can define Favoritism as preferential treatment. Backgrounder by Thomas Graham Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. The introduction of Sharia law is one way politicians use religion to create division and gain cheap votes. As for Ethiopia itself, all-out civil war could be catastrophic, igniting tensions in a country that consists of more than 80 ethnic groups, and potentially leading to the breakup of the country into unviable political entities and enclaves. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The power of regional states to provide contextual local decisions is minimal. %%EOF Over the last Abstract: This chapter highlights the geographical settings, the historical dynamics and the cultural characteristics of the diverse ethnic groups composing the Ethiopian population. However, being part of the development scheme of the federal state does not necessarily guarantee that this peripheral region will be integrated and brought closer to the political, cultural and economic core. A conflict between the government of Ethiopia and forces in its northern Tigray region has thrown the country into turmoil. Other ethnic groups with sizeable populations are the Somalis, Tigray, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, Afar, Hadiya, and Gamo. <> . It has been experienced with a number of armed conflicts, ethno-linguistic disputes, religious radicalism, This paper draws on the growing literature on conflict and post-conflict societies to examine conflict and economic backwardness in Ethiopia. InfoGuide Nigeria is a team of Resource Persons and Consultants led by Ifiokobong Ibanga. Evidence from Substrate Vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon, Pastoralism in InterAction with Other Forms of Land Use in the Blue Nile Area of Sudan [Ed, Gumuz Verb Morphology a Thesis Presented to The, Evidence of the Interplay of Genetics and Culture in Ethiopia - Supplementary Material, Language Policy and Identity in a Diverse Society, The Case of Benishangul Gumuz (1991-2018), A Sociolinguistic Survey of Six Berta Speech Varieties in Ethiopia, Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia and Its Effect on Development: the Case of Amhara and Gumuz Communities. Till date, reconciliation, rehabilitation, and restoration of the economy and the people in the east is still ongoing and the wounds of the war has not healed totally after over five decades. Late President Umaru Musa YarAdua tried to resolve the resource control issue when he gave unconditional amnesty to Niger Delta militants, and offered to train them and rehabilitate the area in exchange for surrendering their weapons. Well done for this. This suggestion, led to the starting of Sharia criminal legal system by 12 predominantly Moslem states in the North in year 2000 to 2002, which caused national controversies and led to an outcry by Christians. Killings by a group suspected to be Fulani herdsmen in various parts of the country without government sanctions, had given these criminals confidence to go on carrying out these heinous crimes. Asnake Kefale(Addis Ababa University),Ren Lefort(independent writer/author on Ethiopia) andLovise Aalen(Chr. 601 0 obj But pressure from the African Union and member states that border Ethiopia, along with engagement with civil organizations within the country, may push the warring parties toward peace talks. As previously mentioned, these regions were drawn up based on the territory inhabited by the various ethnic groups. It is the action of somebody in power favoring their relatives and friends especially in appointing them to good positions. Michelsen Institute). Leiden University Abstract J. Abbink focuses on some problems and prospects of ethno-regional federalism in Ethiopia. 0Vm.|%^8v%_]4J"Pw2_cxKg69Zp bS;{>CR\ZXK 8~,SWD|(Q-P>>T^BOsO/0aW\I)]ZSbEs%pW:.QMS0I{89@J[8!b5{Gh0>qFgKN-:9pjD f:'/?>C$ A=$=PC9mJHl@S8/!~L{P\iX5+M(:*u]($n)KLhU SfE50HG;q2T8 January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive Join Secretary of State Blinken for a discussion on U.S. foreign policy priorities and challenges on Wednesday, June 28, at 10:30 a.m. (EDT). Since 1991, there were repeated inter-ethnic conflict between this giant ethnic groups of Amhara and Oromo especially in East Wollega, Oromia. The thesis has its starting point in Social Movement Theory, in order to explain the growth of Islamic radicalization and jihadi sentiments on Kenyan soil and the absence thereof in Ethiopia. [3] The causes of ethnic conflict are debated by political scientists and sociologists. DIRECT DOWNLOAD! Democracy and Peace in the Horn of Africa, State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration, Alexandra Magnolia Dias, Aleksi Ylnen, Manuel Joao Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Elsa Aim Gonzalez, Ana Casco, Changing Relations between Somalia and Ethiopia: Potential Risks on the Horizon, South African Institute of International Affairs, EPU Research Papers ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, Assessment of Conflict Dynamics in Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia, From Marginalization to Radicalization -- a Social Movement Theory Approach to Understanding Radicalization Among Muslims in Kenya and Ethiopia, State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region Since 1991, Weaknesses of Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Somali Dynamic Bearings of a Simmering Statutory Crisis, Federalism in Africa: The Case of Ethnic-Based Federalism in Ethiopia (Wondwosen Teshome and Jan Zahorik), Conflict Management in the Ethiopian Multi-national Federation: A Critical Examination, Recognizing Diversity as a Tool for Unity in Ethiopia: Challenges & Opportunities MA Thesis, Quest for Ethnic Identity and Autonomy in Ethiopia, UNiteD StateS iNStitUte of PeaCe Political Violence and Democratic Uncertainty in ethiopia, 2012 Academic Journals The post 1991 'inter-ethnic' conflicts in Ethiopia: An investigation, Why Silence? by Kali Robinson Failure by government security forces to stop brazen attacks of one ethnic group over others is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode. Here's a look at the reasons underpinning Ethiopia's ethnic tensions, which have been decades in the making. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd, U.S. and the international community over its reaction, Gloria Emeagwali, professor of African history at Central Connecticut State University, Tigray Peoples Liberation Front and Ethiopian government forces, accused by the United Nations of human rights violations, risk of starvation for hundreds of thousands of people, enormous control over the countrys economy and land. Fighting has spread from the Tigray region, which was the focus of the early part of the conflict. While Kenya was long considered a permissive environment for terrorist operations and for sanctuary, in the past decade the country has experienced a surge in the number of individuals being radicalized and recruited into radical Islamic movements such as al-Shabaab and Daesh . Ethiopia's Armed conflict in Tigray: causes, consequences and possible ways out. This article intended to assess conflict dynamics in Somali region based on secondary data, personal interviews and group discussions that was held in Gode, Kebridahar, Jigjiga and Dendema towns. Bildhaan an International Journal of Somali Studies. <>>> endobj In Kenya, this creates resentment towards the state on a group level, while it reinforces narratives claiming that the state is waging war against Islam. Cookie Settings. Now that Eritrea and Somalia have made peace, would AL Shabaab move in into the Somali Region of Ethiopia? Marginalizing the eastern part of the country in the Nigerian project, which was part of the cause of the civil war in 1967-1970, has yet to receive full reparation and attention of successive governments. Moreover, both regions have ethnic and religious minorities holding grievances against three major ethnic groups they see as oppressors. 2 0 obj The 1999 constitution is widely seen as a military constitution and this document is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. As prime minister, Abiy began limiting the economic dominance of the TPLF and instituting more centralized federal policies. You can put the cause of this bad behavior against fellow citizens to long military rule, and partly to lack of a Nigerian Vision or dream. On the other hand, Conflict defined as a struggle or contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values, or goals. Ethnic conflicts are not new phenomena. 0000004562 00000 n State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. A good example is the case of Gambella, which is one of the ethnically-heterogeneous regional states without a dominant ethno-cultural community. You can trace causes of ethnic conflict to amalgamation, religious differences, inequality, lack of transparent governance, long military incursion in government and lack of vision or Nigerian dream, to mention but a few. The purpose here is to develop such an understanding and look for critical answers to the genuine causes of under-development in the region. ethnic conflict, a form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. Based on this, to say that Favoritism produces a corrupt and an inept leader is true. U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken is warning that the worsening situation in Ethiopia puts at risk the peace and stability of the Horn of Africa. When you raise objections it snowballs into ethnic fight. Blog Post 0000006764 00000 n The Gambella Peoples National Regional State, one of the Ethiopian regional states, is located in the south-western lowlands and bordering Sudan. Ethiopia is subdivided into nine regions. After Washington announced sanctions against all sides in the conflict in September, Abiy responded with an online letter to Biden accusing the U.S. administration of failing to openly and sternly reprimand the terrorist group in the same manner it has been chastising my Government.. These officials prefer relatives and friends even when they are not qualified for government appointments, positions or carrying out contracts. In addition, due to religious differences, Boko Haram Islamist terrorist organization sprang up denouncing western education and culture, and killing and maiming Christians and Muslims alike. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. Conservative estimates point at hundreds killed, but the actual numbers are likely to be much higher. Any further instability is likely to embolden terrorist organizations such as Al-Shabab, which could spread westward into Ethiopia and even Sudan from its base in Somalia. And how much is (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); InfoGuide Nigeria is a multi-author blog in Nigeria founded by Ifiokobong Ibanga. Diplomacy to revive this arms control agreement has faced multiple stumbling blocks, including Irans nuclear advances and geopolitics related to the war in Ukraine. by 0000008403 00000 n 0000027078 00000 n To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University. 0 The administration is federal only in a structural sense, top-down policy directions control lower level activities and challenge regional autonomy. This would shatter the effective containment model put in place by the previous and current Ethiopian governments. An assassination attempt on Abiy in June 2018 was followed by a deepening power struggle between the TPLF and the new administration. Renewing America, Backgrounder Any action taken as a result of information, analysis, or advertisement on this site is ultimately the responsibility of the reader. 0000004018 00000 n Read Also:The Causes and Effects of Kidnapping in Nigeria. 10 solutions to the inter ethnic crises and violence in Nigeria. In a letter to the United Nations, Eritrean foreign minister Osman Saleh blamed the Biden administration for stoking further conflict and destabilization in Tigray in a bid to resuscitate the remnants of the TPLF regime.. Ethiopia is the country, which is consisting of multi-nations state in the horn of Africa. Kenya is not a stranger to terrorism. For almost three decades, the TPLF controlled the government and military. by James M. Lindsay A modern state incorporating different ethnic groups and regions into one state entity and characterized by political and economic coercion and cultural assimilation, Ethiopia was formed at the end of the 19th century Under the cover of ethnic federalism, the " divide and rule strategy " of the TPLF/EPRDF regime, weaken interregional and interethnic cooperation, and exacerbate conflict. And things could get worse. The Ethiopian government has expressed fears that the fighting may soon engulf the capital Addis Ababa. Ethnic conflict is defined as any episode of sustained violent conflict in which national, ethnic, and religious or other communal minorities challenge governments to seek major changes in status (smith.2001, howrowitz, 1988, 1985, Bruce 2004). Ethnic federalism has been exploited to plant division among ethnic groups so as to institutionalize and facilitate rule by the TPLF and other politically affiliated groups, representing a small proportion of the population. Civilians have assimilated military behavior and use it in simple disputes between neighbors and this sometimes lead to ethnic conflict. This could have gone into full-scale war but for Nigerias maturity, magnanimity and playing the big brother role by not retaliating. Claire Klobucista, Producer, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that While the region has witnessed some form of stability since the attack on oil and gas exploration teams that killed 72 Ethiopian and Chinese engineers and works, new developments in the Somali region have culminated in the arrest of the former president Abdi Mohamed Omar, accused of human rights. The principal ambition of this study was to examine and explore the nature, underlying causes, dynamics and consequences of inter-ethnic conflict between Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups in East Wollega, Oromia. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic country where various ethnic groups have lived together for millennia, in relative peace. All these conflicts have distinctive local and regional roots, but a comprehensive understanding of the conflict situation in the regions entails linking them up with the national level dynamics. Introduction Inter-ethnic conflicts have been on the rise in Ethiopia since 2018. 1564 Words 7 Pages Open Document Ethnic conflict remains one of the significant security challenges of today. There is a long history to the fighting, but the spark to the current phase was an attack on federal troops based in Mekelle, by the TPLF, on Nov. 4, 2020. The Ethiopian government similarly accused the U.S. of meddling in the region and of treating on equal footing the democratically elected government and the TPLF which the Ethiopian government declared a terrorist group in May 2021.

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