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[25] Following the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Kaunas Castle became a residence of the elder of Kaunas and its military significance decreased. [68] In the morning, the Lithuanian Government resigned, and the president left the country to avoid the fate of the Soviets' puppets and in the hope of forming a government-in-exile. [47] It established numerous schools and synagogues and were important for centuries to the culture and business of the city. [170], 1897 Russian census revealed the following linguistic composition in the city (by mother tongue, out of 70,920):[173], According to the official census of 1923, there were 92,446 inhabitants in Kaunas:[174]. On 23 September 2018, Pope Francis visited Kaunas' Santakos Park as part of a tour of the Baltic states. The current Provisional Government should be transformed into a National Committee or Council under the German military authority. The Lithuanian Armed Forces were ordered not to resist, and the Lithuanian Air Force remained on the ground. We're already extensively networked nationally, especially with . [152], Kaunas is a large center of industry, trade, and services in Lithuania. Girstupis, 1975, Vitebskas, 1980, Kalniei, 1986), shops (Vienag, 1982, Merkurijus, 1983), galleries (e.g. [34][36] Nevertheless, the fighting between the Crusaders and Lithuanians continued for the area until it finally passed to the Lithuanians in 1404 and was an important point during the 1409 Samogitian Rebellion and the 1410 war with the Crusaders. Museum of History of Lithuanian Medicine and Pharmacy. These ghettos 'took in' tens of thousands of . Blazon: Gules, an aurochs passant guardant argent ensigned with a cross Or between his horns. 6. [48], After Vilnius was occupied by the Red Army in 1919, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania established its main base in Kaunas during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence. Darius and Girnas Stadium is also used as the only large athletics stadium in Lithuania. [101] The Ninth Fortress has been renovated into a memorial for the wars and is the site where nearly 50,000 Lithuanians were killed during Nazi occupation. The Sicherheitsdienst confiscated the pictures of the wreath-laying ceremony, thinking that it could be dangerous for the German occupation policy in Lithuania. [93] When the Soviet Union took over Lithuania in 1940, some Jewish Dutch residents in Lithuania approached the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk to get a visa to the Dutch West Indies. The commander of the Red Army's 188th Rifle Division colonel Piotr Ivanov reported to the 11th Army Staff that during the retreat of his division through Kaunas "local counterrevolutionaries from the shelters deliberately fired on the Red Army, the detachments suffering heavy losses of soldiers and military equipment". All of the city's streets were paved, horse-drawn transportation was replaced with modern bus lines, new suburbs were planned and built (aliakalnis neighbourhood in particular), and new parks and squares were established. [103] From the very start of the Lithuanian partisans war, the most important partisan districts were based around Kaunas. 9th of October - 11th of October . A yacht club operates in the Kaunas Reservoir Regional Park. [2] The city interwar architecture is regarded as among the finest examples of European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label. Kaunas Picture Gallery, 1978, Mykolas ilinskas Art Gallery, 1989), educational institutions (e.g. It passed some important laws, particularly on land reform, on the national currency, and adopted a new constitution. Prominent religious features of Kaunas include:[127], Kaunas is a city centered around culture. [136] The construction permits resulted in more than 10.000 buildings being built in the city and the area of Kaunas expanded 7,1 times during the interwar period. [135] Other Baroque style buildings: Kaunas Lutheran Holly Trinity Church (1683; in 1862 Romanticism style bell tower was built, its architect was J. Woller), Corpus Christi Church (1690, in 1866 was reconstructed to an Orthodox church gained Byzantine forms), Church of St. Francis Xavier (1720; towers were built in 1725); Baroque and Classicism elements: the ensemble of the Church of the Holy Cross (1690) and the Carmelite Monastery (1777), Siruiai Palace (18th century; also known as Maironis House, from 1936 is used as the Maironis Lithuanian Literature Museum). During the interwar period, it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania, when Vilnius was seized and controlled by Poland between 1920 and 1939. His wife was separated from their one-year-old daughter and brutally interrogated at Kaunas Prison, his old father Bernardas Ratikis, three daughters, two brothers and sister were deported to Siberia. The ECoC title is given to a country. [186][bettersourceneeded], The public transportation system is managed by Kauno vieasis transportas (KVT). Kauno karo komendantros Tautinio darbo batalionas 1941 m.", "Trove of Everyday Items Reveals Lithuania's Dark Holocaust Secret", "Lietuva stalininio reimo metais (19441953)", "Lithuanians History and Cultural Relations", "The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania. lovs savait: kaip lietuviai laimjo hibridin kar prie Kremli Lietuvos urnalist draugija", "1941 met Jonins. [28] Consequently, the Kaunas Castle had a strategic importance as it prevented the Crusaders from intruding deeper into Lithuania and capital Vilnius. [102], Beginning in 1944, the Red Army began offensives that eventually led to the reconquest of all three of the Baltic states. Ministers expressed distress at the atrocities being committed against the Jews but advised only that "despite all the measures which must be taken against the Jews for their Communist activity and harm done to the German Army, partisans and individuals should avoid public executions of Jews". Industrial Construction Design Institute, 1966,[144] House for Political Education (now part of Vytautas Magnus University), 1976),[145] shopping malls (e.g. It is full of interesting things and gadgets and knowledge for those interested in this subject. !/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfRzgzT0VGSDIwMEw3QTAyNTVKU05CTzFSVjQ!/, "Kaunas city public transport. In 1939, it had a Jewish population of approximately 32,000. [22] The foundations of a social security system were laid, three new schools were built, and new public libraries, including the Vincas Kudirka library, were established. First railway connection passing through Kaunas was constructed in 18591861 and opened in 1862. [27][22] Furthermore, in the 16th century Grand Duchess Bona Sforza achieved that the Kaunas Eldership to become a property of the Jagiellonian dynasty and since 1533 she carried out the Volok Reform. [43], Kovno Governorate, with a centre in Kovno (Kaunas), was formed in 1843. On 10 June 1988, the initiating group of the Kaunas movement of Sjdis was formed. In alphabetical order, these municipalities are: Akmene, Alytaus Miestas, Alytus, Anksciai, Birstono, Birzai, Druskininkai, Elektrenai, Ignalina, Jonava, Joniskis, Jurbarkas, Kaisiadorys, Kalvarijos, Kauno Miestas, Kaunas, Kazlu Rudos, Kedainiai, Kelme, Klaipedos Miestas, Klaipeda, Kretinga, Kupiskis, Lazdijai, Marijampole, Mazeikiai, Moletai, N. Palemon, his sons and other relatives travelled to Lithuania. Kaunas - Heritage and history, synagogues, museums and areas - Nothing of the Jewish presence in Kaunas remains but the synagogue, whereas before the war there was a yeshiva, a kosher slaughterhouse, and a prison. 2023. It led to new forms of resistance: passive resistance all around Lithuania. The occupation was accompanied by arrests, confiscations, and the elimination of all free institutions. Later, many of the Seminary students were active in Lithuanian book smuggling; its chief main objective was to resist the Russification policy. [75][76] Vladimir Dekanozov, a Soviet emissary from Moscow, gained effective power in Lithuania. sukilimas? [84], In the first issue of the daily laisv (Towards Freedom) newspaper, the Independence Restoration Declaration was published, which had been previously announced on the radio. . B2 issued by a competent institution (embassy, municipality school or officially registered Lithuanian community in the country . Kaunas is famous for its basketball club, algiris, which was founded in 1944 and was one of the most popular nonviolent expressions of resistance during its struggle with the CSKA Moscow. An aurochs has replaced a wisent, which was depicted in the Soviet-era emblem that was used since 1969. Kaunas, Rumsiskes & Pazaislis Monastery: Full-Day Tour. Kaunas is the second city in size in Lithuania, so since it's not the biggest tourist attraction in this country, it's definitely less expensive. [95] The fleeing Jews were refugees from German-occupied Western Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Kaunas and other Lithuania territories. The second biggest city in Lithuania is Kaunas which is a leading economic, cultural, and academic center in the country. Kaunas had a rich and varied Jewish culture. It has a very beautiful large castle standing on a cliff of the Nemunas River. [203], The university status Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, founded during the interwar period, is the only state-supported institution of tertiary physical education in Lithuania. A part of its collection was transferred to Martynas Mavydas National Library of Lithuania in 1963. [59], As the Second World War began, there were 30,000 Jews living in Kaunas, comprising about 25% of the city's population. To establish the legitimacy of the government and design the plans of Lithuania's "legal accession to the USSR", on 1 July, the Seimas of Lithuania was dismissed, and elections to the puppet People's Seimas were announced. By the initiative of a prominent Lithuanian zoologist Tadas Ivanauskas and biologist Constantin von Regel the Botanical Garden was founded in 1923. The controlled (passports had imprints) and falsified elections to the People's Seimas were won by the Lithuanian Labour People's Union, which obeyed the occupiers' proposal to "ask" the Soviet authorities to have Lithuania admitted to the Soviet Union. The monthly E-ticket cards may be bought once and might be credited with an appropriate amount of money in various ways including the Internet. [88] Two days later Lithuanian guards and patrols were also relieved of their duties. The continuous oppression of the Catholic Church and its resistance caused the appearance of the Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania. [86] A day later the main forces marched into the city without obstruction and almost as if they were on parade. Located to the East of the Old Town is the city's New Town, which started developing in 1847 and got its name when it became a distinct part of the city. The most important is the Kaunas County Public Library. The government's powers were taken over by the new occupants. As defined by Eurostat, the population of Kaunas functional urban area, is estimated at 383,764 (as of[update] 2017),[16] while according to statistics of Kaunas territorial health insurance fund, there are 447,946 permanent inhabitants (as of 2022) in Kaunas and Kaunas district municipalities combined.[17][18]. Despite its northern location, the climate in Kaunas is relatively mild compared to other locations at similar latitudes, mainly because of the Baltic Sea. Parks, groves, gardens, nature reserves, and agricultural areas occupy 8,329 hectares. During the Imperial Russian Army's Great Retreat of World War I, Paul von Hindenburg's German Tenth Army occupied Kaunas in August 1915. Is there a period ticket which offers a saving over paying by each trip? The city is home to a few historic clubs such as: LFLS Kaunas football club (est. These are the longest buses used in the Baltic states. [61] However, on 7 October 1939, the Lithuanian delegation departed to Moscow, where it later had to sign the SovietLithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty because of the unfavorable situation. On 9 October 1988, the Flag of Lithuania was raised above the tower of the Military Museum. Kaunas, uma cidade com personalidade prpria e em que as tradies mais antigas da Litunia se misturam com . [33][35][30][34] The Gotteswerder Castle was captured after a five-week siege by the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army led by Algirdas and Kstutis and two wooden castles were built near it. Days 16 - 17: Kaunas. The city is the capital of Kaunas County, and the seat of the Kaunas city municipality and the Kaunas District Municipality. states: "The Lithuanian Activist Front, by restoring the new Lithuania, is determined to carry out an immediate and fundamental purging of the Lithuanian nation and its land of Jews ". Furthermore, in the beginning of the occupation, the prime minister of the Provisional Government of Lithuania, Juozas Ambrazeviius, convened the meeting in which the ministers participated together with the former President Kazys Grinius, Bishop Vincentas Brizgys and others. Baltic Yearbook of International Law, 2001. It lies at the head of navigation on the Neman (Lithuanian Nemunas) River, there joined by the tributary Viliya (Lithuanian Neris) River. Kaunas hosted finals of the EuroBasket 2011. Vilnius, Lithuania Klaipda, Lithuania Kaunas, Lithuania 1. The city and its elderates also have names in other languages (see Names of Kaunas in other languages and names of Kaunas elderates in other languages). ", "Lithuania and the Soviet Union 19391940: the Fateful Year", "imtmeio belaukiant: Reikmingiausi Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos (19181940 m.) vykiai", "Kaip raudonarmieiai eng Lietuv: apverktinai atrod kariai ir lygiame kelyje ged tankai", Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute, "Lietuvos kariuomens naikinimas (1940 m. birelio 15 d.1941 m.)", "Lemtingi metai generolo Ratikio dienoraiuose", "Lietuvos okupacija (1940 m. birelio 15 d.)", "Kuo reikmingas 1941 m. birelio 2228 d. Open at 8:00 AM. Kaunas also has numerous libraries. By Manfromdublin12. Other historical, cultural features of Kaunas include: Kaunas is often called a city of museums, because of the abundance and variety of them. [166] Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant is the largest one in Lithuania. Kaunas is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and is near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water in the whole of Lithuania. [22] In the early 17th century, the Kaunas' prosperity led to the beginning of the construction of the Wall of Kaunas, however it was not completed due to later wars and economic reasons. [22], A settlement was established on the site of the current Kaunas Old Town, at the confluence of two large rivers, by at latest the 10th century AD and more settlements developed in the 11th century AD. The Yiddish name is Kovne, and the names in German include Kaunas and Kauen. [59] It was also an important Zionist centre. Kaunas was captured on 1 August 1944 and this led to the continuation of Soviet repressions. Kaunas celebrates its birthday: join the kaunastic three-day bash! In strict conspiracy, Catholic priest Sigitas Tamkeviius (now the Archbishop Metropolitan of Kaunas) implemented this idea and its first issue was published in the Alytus district on 19 March 1972. Catherine's Monastery, 2000) E. Milinas (e.g. It was the first coordinated LithuanianGerman action. [181], The council is the member of the Association of Local Authorities in Lithuania.[182]. [202], In July 1938 Kaunas, together with Klaipda (where sailing and rowing competitions were held), hosted the Lithuanian National Olympiad that gathered the Lithuanian athletes from all around the world. [58], At the time, Kaunas had a Jewish population of 35,00040,000, about one quarter of the city's total population. [165] Before its disestablishment, Air Lithuania had its head office in Kaunas. This weekend in Kaunas - a historic basketball celebration for the country and the official EuroLeague FanZone open to all. An earlier Russian name was Kovno, although Kaunas has been used since 1940. The city is also the birthplace or childhood home of many of the country's top basketball stars, among them Arvydas Sabonis, arnas Mariulionis, Zydrunas Ilgauskas, Linas Kleiza, Donatas Motiejnas and arnas Jasikeviius. Poussier). There are at least seven professional theatres, many amateur theatres, ensembles and abundant groups of art and sports. It is also the burial site of some signatories of the 1918 Act of Independence. Shortly afterwards, on 17 June 1940 the puppet People's Government of Lithuania was formed, which consistently destroyed Lithuanian society and political institutions and opened the way for the Communist Party to establish itself. [109] They were defended by the citizenry of Kaunas. Peugeot, Toyota, Lexus, Honda car showrooms), A. Kanas (e.g. From 1918 to 1940 more than 12.000 construction permits were issued in Kaunas, which was an extremely rapid growth for a relatively small-scale city (90.000 inhabitants) that fundamentally changed the city's character. the Garrison Church)", "Official results of the 1923 census in Lithuania", "2007 m. Europos yd kultros dienos atgarsiai", "2011 Census Lithuanian Government Department of Statistics", "2021 Census Lithuanian Government Department of Statistics", http://www.litrail.lt/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/pZDBDoIwDIafhQcw7TY3uI4EBUJGwpwiF8KBmCUCHozPL-jJA-Vge2q-fG3-QgNzj93L37qnn8buDjU0qj1GokwOKUcsQo1cytyauGRxijO_rnOnCLvKN2zDKDthpF1Z_sdtEYuN3JflU6rFldL45dRnCC5OjPYNzT_pqf1Lvh9eRplCXsiz1ft5DBWYdBp6sP0Ij8E5V6PPfLbTOgjeA3OhEw! On 19 December 2022 Kaunas was announced as a host city for the 2023 EuroLeague Final Four, the first in Lithuania's sports history. [159] a major of Kaunas, do mention this nickname for the press, "Kodl Kaunas buvo vadinamas mauoju Paryiumi? [79], On 24 June 1941, tank units of the Red Army in Jonava were ordered to retake Kaunas.

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