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After the U.S. became involved in the war in 1941, the city mobilized. Soon after, he fired 3,500 city workers, instituted pay cuts, forced unpaid vacation, and reduced the number of contracts the city awarded. Despite generally good relations between Native Americans and Europeans in the lower Delaware Valley, the Lenapes there declined steadily from smallpox, influenza, measles, and other diseases. Klepp, Susan E., ed. The death toll was 4,000 to 5,000, in a population of 50,000. Many trade unions discriminated against African Americans for years, and they were closed out of some labor advances. "[82] In his pioneering[83] 1899 work of urban sociology The Philadelphia Negro W. E. B. The population was mostly English, Welsh, Irish, Germans, Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. German Reformed, Lutherans, Moravians, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, and Irish Catholics added to the regions diversity. By 1776, about 85% of the white population in the British colonies was of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent, with 9% of German origin and 4% Dutch. In the early eighteenth century, the West New Jersey Council of Proprietors and their counterparts in London, the West Jersey Society, purchased large tracts on the east bank of the Delaware north of the Falls, opening this territory to settlers. Many of the immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jewish. In 1993, a new convention center was opened, creating a hotel boom with seventeen hotels opening between 1998 and 2000 when the city hosted the Republican National Convention. [118], The remains of the President's House were found during excavation for a new Liberty Bell Center, which led to archeological work in 2007. The airport expanded, the Schuylkill Expressway and the Delaware Expressway (Interstate 95) were built, SEPTA was formed, and residential and industrial development took place in Northeast Philadelphia.[102]. This resulted in more flexibility than the legislators probably intended, with some couples taking vows at home, others choosing not to marry formally, and, if a relationship failed, opting to self-divorce. One official estimated that US$5million was wasted each year from graft in the city's infrastructure programs. Click the card to flip In March 1776 two British frigates began a blockade of the mouth of Delaware Bay; British soldiers were moving south through New Jersey from New York. The first exploration of the area by Europeans was in 1609, when a Dutch expedition led by Henry Hudson entered the Delaware River Valley in search of the Northwest Passage. [108] Students took over the Community College of Philadelphia in a sit-in, race riots broke out in Holmesburg Prison, and a 1964 riot along West Columbia Avenue killed two people, injured over 300 and caused around US$3million in damages. Beginning in 1716, ironmasters produced iron stock that local artisans used to make goods such as pots, stoves, nails, tools, and wheels. [46] People feared entering the city or interacting with its residents. Officials recruited soldiers and studied defenses for invasion from Delaware Bay, but built no forts or other installations. During Queen Anne's War in 1702 and 1713 with the French, trade was cut off to the West Indies, inflicting financial harm on Philadelphia. City employee labor contracts signed during the Rizzo administration helped set up a city financial crisis that Green and Goode were unable to prevent. Tourism has become one of the city's main industries; as of 2018, Philadelphia was the eighth-most visited U.S. Mint. Delaware obtained its own assembly in 1704 but continued to share a governor under the Penn proprietorship. Before Philadelphia was colonized by Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Lenape (Delaware) Indians. In 1951, Joseph S. Clark was elected as the first Democratic mayor in 80 years. Select one: a. a mythical piece of priceless gold jewelry that Europeans wished to acquire from the Iroquois b. an important Puritan text that spelled out the doctrine of predestination c. an agreement between the Dutch and the Mohican Nation that led to the founding of New Netherland d. the promise . Philadelphia's global trade network in the colonial period. With the board under complete control by Republicans in 1865, they awarded contracts and perks for themselves and their cronies. The city granted the first purchasers land along the Delaware River for their homes. Soldiers broke up the riot, but five people died and 17 were injured. "[1] One of the largest Lenape settlements in the region, located in today's South Philadelphia near the confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, was Passyunk, meaning "in the valley. Sex among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender & Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730-1830. This blog is the third in a series by Sarah Sharp, Global Educator for World Heritage Philadelphia, and retrieved from the Historical Society of Philadelphia's website. A very small number of free blacks owned slaves. Over the next half century, with the legacy of Swanendael, Lenapes controlled the lower Delaware Valley, accepting European trade goods in exchange for small parcels of land for forts and farms, but not plantation colonies. Beginning during the Great Depression, voters changed from traditional support for the Republican Party to increasing support for the Democratic Party of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has now been predominant in local politics for many decades. In some Northern cities, for brief periods of time, black property owners voted. Colonists seeking opportunity moved westward in Pennsylvania and northward into the Lehigh Valley and northwestern New Jersey, taking most of the Lenapes remaining land. Teedyuscung and the Quakers made it clear that the Walking Purchase had motivated Delawares to go to war. 1 and 2. Loading "Letters from a Farmer" 1767 [21] The first known Jewish resident of Philadelphia was Jonas Aaron, a German who moved to the city in 1703. Its large free black community aided fugitive slaves and founded the first independent black denomination in the nation, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. [79] In addition to its industrial power, Philadelphia was the financial center of the country. [86], The policies of Woodrow Wilson's administration reunited reformers with the city's Republican Party and World War I temporarily halted the reform movement. The homes would be spread far apart and surrounded by gardens and orchards. Less than half the expected visitors came to the city for the Bicentennial, but the event helped revive the identity of the city, inspiring annual neighborhood events and fairs.[103]. 1) religious freedom 2) economic opportunity What European groups settled the Middle colonies? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981-1982. Before 1704, few settlers lived west of Fourth Street. The colony sustained several attacks from Maryland, which claimed on the basis of its 1632 charter that Delaware fell within its bounds. With so many men serving in the military, there had been a labor shortage; businesses and industries hired women and workers from outside the city. The Papers of William Penn. The New Jersey government also appointed five commissioners who instructed the natives to bring in a list of lands they claimed as unsold. Wokeck, Marianne S. Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. The majority of voters in the city reelected the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt as president; they also voted for Democratic Congressmen and state representatives. By the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st, revitalization and gentrification of historic neighborhoods attracted an increase in middle-class population as people began to return to the city. Being a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution. The 1720s and 1730s saw immigration from mostly Germany and north Ireland to Philadelphia and the surrounding countryside. The ships reached Delaware Bay in March 1638, and the settlers began to build a fort at the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1956. Deaths were high among infants, children, and women in childbirth. He quickly recruited thousands of colonists from northwestern England, London and its environs, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Germany, and Holland. Dunn, Mary Maples and Richard S. Dunn et al., eds. English and Dutch merchants created a well-organized system for "redemptioners." [52], However, Philadelphia was selected as the temporary United States capital for ten years starting in 1790. The Swedish engineer Peter Lindestrm (d. 1691) praised the area for its beauty, fresh water springs, fruit trees, and wildlife. Philadelphia's Italian population grew from around 300 in 1870 to around 18,000 in 1900, with the majority settling in South Philadelphia. New immigrants from Southeast Asia, and Central and South America have contributed their energy to the city. [27] This began a long period of peaceful co-operation between the colony and the Delaware, in contrast to the frictions between the tribe and the Swedish and Dutch colonists. Before William Penn left Philadelphia for the last time on October 25, 1701, he issued the Charter of 1701. The court system was overtaxed and the tactics of the police department under Police Commissioner Frank Rizzo were controversial. Promotions and incentives in the 1990s and the early 21st century have improved the city's image and created a condominium boom in Center City and the surrounding areas that has slowed the population decline. In October 1742 and the "Bloody Election" riots, sailors attacked Quakers and pacifist Germans, whose peace politics were strained by the War of Jenkins' Ear. During the 1930s, the Democratic Party began to grow in Philadelphia, influenced by the leadership of the Roosevelt administration during the Depression. Connecting the Past with the Present, Building Community, Creating a Legacy, TheEncyclopedia The Lenapes, called Delawares by the English, joined the Conestogas (Susquehannocks) and Indians from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina who had migrated into the Susquehanna Valley. A non profit group Action Philadelphia was formed to improve and promote Philadelphia's image. By 1876, the city's population stood at 817,000. John Rolfe. [92] In 1907, the city constructed the first subway. [86] The majority of residents were Republican, but voter fraud and bribery were still common. At the peak of WPA-financed jobs in 1936, 40,000 Philadelphians were employed under the program. To facilitate exchange of furs and Indian corn for European goods, the natives and Dutch colonists developed a trade jargon based on Unami, the Lenapes Algonquian language. Weigley, Russell F., ed. For Europeans and enslaved Africans in Pennsylvania, life expectancy varied considerably between urban Philadelphia and the countryside. Tate was elected mayor in 1963 and reelected in 1967 despite opposition from reformers who opposed him as an organization insider.[107]. Although the colonists had to recognize the authority of New Netherland, the Dutch terms were tolerant. Reasons for higher urban mortality included the illnesses brought on disease-ridden ships; the higher vulnerability of immigrants and imported slaves to diseases such as measles, smallpox, and influenza because of weakened health; and poor nutrition, crowded housing, and inferior sanitary conditions in the city. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed the Free School Law of 1834 to create the public school system. The Easton Treaty of 1758 brought short-lived peace to the region when the Delaware sachem Teedyuscung (1700?-1763), with support from Quaker leaders, obtained a pledge from the British to recognize Indian possession of the Ohio country after defeat of the French. [67] A compulsory school act passed in 1895, and the Public School Reorganization Act freed the city's education from the political machine. The Paxton Boys tried to follow them into Philadelphia for attacks, but was prevented by the city's militia and Franklin, who convinced them to leave. American per capita incomes compared to an average of 10-12 in the British homeland and even lower in France.. As elsewhere in major US cities, the 1960s was a turbulent decade for the city. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950; afterward the city's population declined while that of the neighboring suburban counties grew. [28] Furthermore, Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers in what is now Delaware. Penn put together a colonial expedition and fleet, which set out for America in the middle of the following summer. Preparations for the United States Bicentennial in 1976 began in 1964. Consistent with Pennsylvanias commitment to religious liberty, the colony avoided a rigid marriage code and instead allowed couples to marry according to the rituals of individual denominations. The city began promoting heritage tourism, and producing festivals and entertainment to attract tourists. He also planned that the city's streets would be set up in a grid, with the idea that the city would be more like the rural towns of England than its crowded cities. In 1664, though the Lenape sachems believed the river united their homeland, the English crown drew political borders, most prominently between West New Jersey and the west bank. b. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation. After French troops and their Indian allies overwhelmed the army of British General Edward Braddock (1695-1755) in July 1755, Delawares and Shawnees attacked European settlements from western Pennsylvania to northwestern New Jersey. To help protect the city from fire, Franklin founded the Union Fire Company. [77][78] Major industrial projects included the Waterworks, iron water pipes, a gasworks, and the U.S. Philadelphia history began in 1682 when the city was founded by William Penn. Wacker, Peter O. They resisted the efforts of the Europeans to gain more of their land and control through both warfare and diplomacy. Philadelphia residents joined boycotts of British goods. [95] From 1929 to 1933, regional manufacturing fell by 45 percent; factory payrolls fell by 60 percent; retail sales fell by 40 percent. During the early years of the Walnut Street Jail, the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (known today as the Pennsylvania Prison Society) was formed to improve the"revolting conditions" that existed in penal facilities. In addition, numerous Hispanic immigrants from Central and South America have entered the city, settling in North Philadelphia. First, with the formation in 1827 of the Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations in Philadelphia, central labor bodies began uniting craft unions within a single city, and then, with the creation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Benjamin Franklin is the only Founding Father to have signed all four of the key documents establishing the U.S.: the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Alliance with France. [76] Coal and iron mines, and the construction of new roads, canals, and railroads helped Philadelphia's manufacturing power grow, and the city became the United States' first major industrial city. In 1763, spurred by continued white settlement and the nativist doctrine of the Delaware prophet Neolin, Indians attacked forts and colonists in the Great Lakes region, Ohio country, and Pennsylvania frontier in what became known as Pontiacs War (1763-66). The machine again gained control. Pomfret, John E. The Province of West New Jersey 1609-1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. The Vare brothers, George, Edwin, and William, had created their own organization in South Philadelphia. This led to unrest in 1779, with people blaming the upper class and Loyalists. Philadelphia, Here I Come! Council of Proprietors of West New Jersey minutes and land records, court records, deeds, wills and estate inventories, and local records, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, N.J. Manuscripts and government records, Delaware Public Archives, Dover, Del. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, Delaware River (Benjamin Franklin) Bridge, List of newspapers in Pennsylvania in the 18th century#Philadelphia, History of African Americans in Philadelphia, History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia, History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia, 1638 New Haven The Independent Colony colonialwarsct.org Retrieved November 12, 2007, "Lamberton L Archives rootsweb.com Retrieved November 11, 2007", New Sweden usgennet.org Retrieved November 12, 2007, "Delco History: Expert Homework Writing Help", In the Heat of the Moment: Cartography, Rebuilding, and Reconceptualization after the Great Fire of London, "Philadelphia Business Directory of 1703", "Religious Freedom and the Dominating Religions of Pennsylvania", "Part 3: Philadelphia/The Yellow Fever Epidemic", "Part 3: French West Indians in Philadelphia", Edward Lawler, Jr., "A Brief History of the President's House in Philadelphia", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Philadelphia City Hall", "Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis", "Philadelphia, Nurses, and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918", "The Media: One revolution after another", "Marie Hicks, 83, the Rosa Parks of Girard College", "Obama Foreclosure Plan Draws Inspiration from Philadelphia", "Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 16301707", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philadelphia&oldid=1161102637. Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 16251742 (1938). During the colonial era, Philadelphia. Peace proved illusory despite the Proclamation Line of 1763, by which the British government sought to create a boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains between the colonies and Indian country. It is important to remember that during the colonial period, each colony enacted and enforced laws regarding slavery individually. The new province elected an assembly of twenty-four members, equally divided between the eastern and western divisions, and shared its governor with New York until 1738, when New Jersey obtained its own royal executive. In 1936, the Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia. Two of Washington's slaves escaped from the President's House, and he gradually replaced his slaves with German immigrants who were indentured servants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. [19], Philadelphia grew from a few hundred European inhabitants in 1683 to over 2,500 in 1701. [11], The Dutch never recognized the legitimacy of the Swedish claim and, in the late summer of 1655, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam mustered a military expedition to the Delaware Valley to subdue the rogue colony. As the Dutch and Swedes competed to buy lush beaver pelts that the Susquehannocks obtained from Canada, Lenapes built six towns from the Delaware to the falls of the Schuylkill to be near the terminus of trade. The West New Jersey Concessions (1676) explained the process for distributing land, granted religious freedom and trial by jury, was unusually democratic in calling for an annually elected general assembly, and described a plan for mediating disputes between natives and Europeans. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, one of those preparations was hastily removing the Liberty Bell (and other Philadelphia bells) and sending them by heavily guarded wagon train to the Zion German Reformed Church in Northampton Town (present-day Allentown), where it was hidden under the church floor boards during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Due to political compromise, Congress chose a permanent capital to be built along the Potomac River. The embargo and decrease in foreign trade led to the development of local factories to produce goods no longer available as imports. [87] With the deaths of McNichol in 1917 and Penrose in 1921, William Vare became the city's political boss. The Quaker proprietor received deeds in 1682 to New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, which remained separate from the counties of Chester, Philadelphia, and Bucks that he established in Pennsylvania, with the boundary set twelve miles north of the town of New Castle. [28] Lord Baltimore and the Province of Maryland had circa 165253[28] finished waging a decade long declared war against the Susquehannocks and the Dutch,[28] who'd been trading them furs for tools and firearms for some time. They told the Pennsylvanians that while many Lenapes live on the other side of the river [in New Jersey], yet we reckon ourselves all one, because we drink one water, the Delaware and its tributaries. The natives welcomed European traders, granting permission in 1624 for a short-lived Dutch settlement on Burlington Island and two years later permitting construction of Fort Nassau at Arwamus (later Gloucester, New Jersey) opposite the future site of Philadelphia. The Delaware River Valley was called the Zuyd, meaning "South" River, or Lnapei Sipu. [96][97], With encouragement from the state government and labor's founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), Philadelphia became a union city. The citys population and financial base supported innovation in science, medicine, printing, public welfare, the humanities, and arts. In 1985, a stand-off occurred at the group's new headquarters in West Philadelphia, whose residents were believed to be armed resisters. Through 1796, 500 slaves from Saint-Domingue gained freedom in the city. Follow Backgrounders on Twitter Early attempts to improve quality of life were ineffective as laws were poorly enforced. [104] The public and the press demanded reform and by the end of 1950, a new city charter was drafted. With the alliance with Susquehannock, the Swedes further strengthened their claims for land at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. In 1992, Ed Rendell was elected as the city's first Jewish mayor. The Seven Years War ended the tenuous peace in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Congress refused the soldiers' request for payment of their salaries. Its mild climate and productive soils offered ideal conditions for raising wheat, which as grain and flour led exports from Pennsylvania, West Jersey, and Delaware to the West Indies, New England, and southern Europe. The wealthier middle-class residents, often white, continued to move out to the suburbs in what became called white flight. [47][48][49], Pennsylvania, which had abolished slavery in 1780, required any slaves brought to the city to be freed after six months' residency. On September 19, 1737, three young settlers ran, rather than walked, a route cleared in advance, covering much more territory than Lenape leaders expected. The population grew dramatically at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, through immigration from Ireland, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Asia, and the Great Migration of blacks from the rural South and Puerto Ricans from the Caribbean, all attracted to the city's expanding industrial jobs. Resentful, other PTC workers protested and began a strike that nearly immobilized the city. Nash, Gary B. and Jean R. Soderlund. Many immigrants served first as indentured servants or redemptioners to pay the cost of their passage, then built farms or followed crafts. When Pontiac's Rebellion occurred in 1763, refugees again fled into the city, including a group of Lenape hiding from other Native Americans, angry at their pacifism, and white frontiersmen.

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