aristotle's politics'': second edition pdfdivinity 2 respec talents

(2) Now it is agreed that any city that is going to be finely governed must have leisure from the necessary things; but in what manner it should have this is not easy to grasp. 66. (15) They call such persons generals and war officials. [1322b] Further, if there are cavalry, light-armed troops, archers, or a naval element, an official is sometimes established for each of these, which they call admirals, cavalry commanders, and regimental commanders, and for the parts under them, warship commanders, leaders of companies, and tribal commanders, and [others are appointed to command] any parts belonging to these. AGGRANDIZEMENT (pleonexia): taking more than ones share (literally, having more); greedy or unjust behavior. Varieties of Democracy and How to Establish Them (6.25) 1. 28. Eth. CHAPTER 2 (1) Now in these matters as elsewhere it is by looking at how things develop naturally from the beginning that one may best study them. An audit (euthyn) was a formal review of the performance of officials conducted on an annual basis at Athens and other Greek cities. (2) This necessarily results above all when there is a certain multitude of persons who presume themselves to be similar on the basis of virtueas for example the so-called Partheniae at Sparta, who came from the peers and, when discovered conspiring, were sent off by them to Tarentum as settlers.63 Or it results when those who are great and inferior to no one in virtue are dishonored by persons held in greater honor, as Lysander was by the kings, for example; (3) or when someone of a manly sort does not partake of the prerogatives, such as the Cinadon who instigated the attack on the Spartiates in the time of Agesilaus.64 Further, it results when some persons are very poor and others well off, as happens most particularly during wars. PDF download. [Text] Jowett, Benjamin. 3. (12) For wherever things do not stand in this manner, some make light of an enmity toward those on the border, while others are concerned with it overly much and contrary to what is noble. Now a regime is the arrangement of offices, and all distribute these either on the basis of the power of those taking part in the regime or on the basis of some equality common to themI mean, [the power of] the poor or the well off, or some [equality] common to both.13 (6) There are necessarily, therefore, as many regimes as there are arrangements based on the sorts of preeminence and the differences of the parts. MASTER (despots): the head of household in his capacity as master of slaves. 44. Reading esti de with Congreve instead of eti de (further) with the MSS and Dreizehnter. 74. But what is held to be democracy or rule of the people above all is what results from the sort of justice that is agreed to be democratic, which is all having an equal share on the basis of number. The word extension (apoikia) derives from a phrase meaning away from the household; it is the normal term for a colonial settlement. The related term praktikos, active, is frequently used by Aristotle with reference to the practical or political way of life (see particularly 7.23) as well as the form of reasoning associated with it. In a passage in the first book of the Rhetoric, he asserts that there are five important matters about which men particularly deliberate: revenues and expenditures, war and peace, defense of the territory, imports and exports, and legislation.49 In regard to legislation (nomothesia), Aristotle makes the following remark: the preservation of the city lies in its laws, so it is necessary to know how many kinds of regimes there are, which are advantageous to each sort of city, and through what things they are naturally apt to be destroyedboth of things proper to the regimes and of their opposites.50 It is clear from these passages that the inquiry contained in the Politics does not correspond to the full range of subjects belonging to political science or political expertise. See also SHARE. (3) For if it belongs to the expert at getting goods to discern how to get goods and property, and if property and wealth encompass many parts, one must consider in the first place whether expertise in farming is part of expertise in getting goods34 or different in kind, and whether this is the case for the concern with sustenance generally and the possessions connected with it. [Translation and commentary] Eth. For as it is, there are disputes, some arguing that the city performed an action, others that it was not the city but the oligarchy or the tyrant. CHAPTER 12 (1) What regime is advantageous for which cities, and what sort for which sort of persons, is to be treated next after what has been spoken of. (5) There are, therefore, these two kinds of aristocracy besides the first or the best regime. For almost three decades, Carnes Lords justly acclaimed translation has served as the standard English edition. Nic. 1962. CHAPTER 3 (1) But even if it is best for the community to be as far as possible a unity, even this does not appear to be proved by the argument that it will follow if all say mine and not mine at the same time; for Socrates supposes this is an indication of the city being completely one. (6) The disposition of private dwellings is considered more pleasant and more useful for other activities if it involves straight rows in the newer manner of Hippodamus,58 but for safety in war the opposite manner that prevailed in ancient times; for this made it difficult of entrance59 for foreign troops and difficult for attackers to find their way around. According to the famous tale recounted by Strabo and Plutarch,31 Aristotles library, following the death of Theophrastus, his successor as head of the Lyceum, was willed to a certain Neleus, who removed it from Athens to the town of Scepsis in Asia Minor. So if both the former and the latter are to be regarded as parts of the city, it is evident that the heavyarmed element, at any rate, is a necessary part of the city.21 A seventh is the element that performs public service by means of its property22what we call the well off. Nothing is known of this event. Diodorus Siculus 14.97). (8) Accordingly, those who are as different from other men as the soul from the body or man from beastand they are in this state if their work is the use of the body, and if this is the best that can come from themare slaves by nature. (2) Those cities are healthier which slope toward the east and toward the winds that blow from the direction of the rising sun; second are those sloping in the direction the north wind blows, as these have better winters. ; 2 maps. 1094a26b11, Magna Moralia 1.1. That is, the community that is the perfect or final or fully realized (teleios) form of community. Cf. 61. (33) To speak of such matters in detail would be superfluous. (5) Most call this sort of office town management; it has a number of parts, and in more populous states different officials are established for the different partsfor example, wall builders, superintendents of wells, and harbor guards. 77. The task of a ruler is command and judgment. (11) If this is not done in oligarchies and polities, the result in the one case is that in the latter an oligarchy arises and in the former rule of the powerful, while in the other case a democracy arises from polity, and from oligarchy a polity or rule of the people.78 (12) It is a thing common to rule of the people and oligarchy and to monarchy79 and every regime not to allow any person to grow overly great contrary to proportion, but to attempt to give small prerogatives over a long period of time rather than great ones quickly80 (for they become corruptedit does not belong to every man to bear good fortune), or failing this, at least not to give them all at the same time and then take them back all at the same time, but rather gradually. (12) But where both these offices exist, the preliminary councillors have been established as a counter to the councillors; for the councillor is popular, the preliminary councillor oligarchic. (4) In general, to live together and share in any human matter is difficult, and particularly things of this sort. At the same time, I have been readier to accept the existence of lacunae in the text (that is, dropped words, lines, or in some cases longer passages); in a number of places I believe I have identified lacunae not previously noted by scholars. For men learn some things by being habituated, others by listening. Theophrastuss will set aside money for the repair of the schools library and adjoining areas; this may well have reflected damage incurred during the anti-Macedonian rising of 288 (Diogenes Laertius 5.5152). (7) That it is not the same in an unqualified sense, therefore, is evident from these things. (8) But if one does not accept this way of life either as ones own or as the common way of life of the city, still men should be formidable to their enemies not only when these enter their territory but also when they leave it. As far as its being of a certain quality, it is clear that everyone would praise the territory that is the most self-sufficient. Or is it addressed rather to a wider audience whose concerns are predominantly practical ones? Almost alone among the major works, the Politics is cited by name and assigned the correct number of books in all of the ancient lists. 46. The expression to ts politeias eidos kaleitai is explained by Newman as the form which is called polity exists, but it is hardly clear how this allegedly idiomatic sense of kalein helps to make sense of the larger context; others have suggested a variety of emendations, none very satisfying. 1.2. (In regard to orderliness, for example, should the market-manager have authority over this in the market and another official in another place, or should the same one have it everywhere?) [Translation] Keyt, David. But it necessarily makes a difference: women are a part amounting to a half of the free persons, and from the children come those who are partners in the regime (1.13.1260b820). A lacuna of indeterminate and possibly substantial length occurs in the text at this point; I supply what I take to be the basic sense. This is something that must be looked after particularly in oligarchies. In Sparta, for example, different overseers try different cases involving agreements, the senators those involving murder, and another office perhaps others; (11) and it is the same in the case of Carthage, where certain offices try all cases.5 But our definition of the citizen [can stand, as it] admits of correction. For just as man and woman are a part of the household, it is clear that the city should be held to be very nearly divided in twointo a multitude of men and a multitude of women; so in regimes where what is connected with women is poorly handled, one must consider that legislation is lacking for half of the city. (6) He also wanted to enact a law concerning those who discover something useful to the city, so that they might obtain honor, and one providing that the children of those who die in war should receive sustenance from public funds (he supposed this had never been legislated by others, although such a law exists now both in Athens and in other cities). (22) That a regime of this sort should not be constituted out of democracy and monarchy, then, is evident from these things and from what will be said later, when the investigation turns to this sort of regime.48 Also, with regard to the election of officials, it is dangerous to have them elected from persons previously elected; for if even a relatively few are willing to combine, the election will always take place in accordance with their wishes. The word for interest (tokos) also means offspring. 48. The tyranny of Orthagoras at Sicyon was instituted in 670 BC; Cleisthenes was his great-grandson. For men are less afraid of being treated in some respect contrary to the law by such persons, [1315a] if they consider the ruler a god-fearing sort who takes thought for the gods, and they are less ready to conspire against him as one who has the gods too as allies. Newmans conjectural ha (presupposing the omission of dio in 2) is much preferable to Dreizehnters bracketing of an ei dio. As to whether it is just to fulfill or not to fulfill contractual agreements when the city undergoes revolution into another regime, that is another argument. Moreover, there seems to be a certain affinity on their part for harmonies and rhythms; hence many of the wise assert either that the soul is a harmony or that it involves harmony.25 CHAPTER 6 (1) But whether they themselves should learn through singing and playing instruments or notthe question we raised earliermust now be spoken of. The related verb metaballein is rendered to be altered or to undergo revolution. RIGHT (orthos): right or correct; also translated correct. RULE (arch): the activity or institutions of governance; in particular, the executive magistracies of a city (this sense is generally rendered office).

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