causes of religious conflicts in africa pdf notesespn conference usa football teams 2023

Uppsala Conflict Data Program (2017), UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia, Uppsala University, www.ucdp.uu.se (17 May 2017). Furthermore, by illuminating how social identity types produce unique sets of individual-level preferences and attitudes, the books novel perspective proves useful for distinguishing and analysing different forms of identity group competition (religious politics, ethnic politics and gender politics) with greater clarity than previously possible., Ibrahim Can Sezgin Religious and Political Dimensions of the Post-1991 Rise of Ethnic Violence in South Sudan, Extended Deterrence and the Outbreak of War, Deregulating Religion: The Economics of Church and State, The Archeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Laboratory Experiments in Political Science, Experimental Demonstrations of the Not-So-Minimal Consequences of Television News Programs, The Foundations and Expansion of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army, The Location of Christian Missions in Africa, Sudans Prolonged Civil War and the Militarization of Neur and Dinka Ethnic Identities, Commitment Problems in Emerging Democracies: The Case of Religious Parties, The Marriage of Convenience: The U.S. Christian Right, African Christianity, and Postcolonial Politics of Sexual Identity, Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression, Explaining Ethnic Political Participation, Religion and Politics in Nigeria: A Study in Middle Belt Christianity, Religion and African Civil Wars: Themes and Interpretations, The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide, The Falashas: A Short History of the Ethiopian Jews, War and Peace in Sudan: A Tale of Two Countries, The Security Dilemma and Conflict in Cte dIvoire, Social Identity and Preferences over Redistribution, Religion, Political Culture, and the Weberian Tradition, The Sharia Debate and the Origins of Nigerias Second Republic, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba, Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations of the Near-Abroad, Language Conflict and Violence: The Straw That Strengthens the Camels Back, When Do Horizontal Inequalities Lead to Conflict? Given the blood being spilled and the threat of further violence, however, we cannot sit and wait until scholars have found conclusive explanations. This organization carries all the worst examples of religious extremism- sectarianism toward other Muslims (the Shi'a), attempted genocide of religious minorities (Yazidis and Christians), and brutal repression through the apparatus of the state. In Malawi, Bright Mhango thinks that when it comes to services provided by religious institutions, the relationship between faith and development is complicated. McClendon, Gwyneth The conflict in South Kordofan also has a weak interreligious dimension as the rebels are partly Christians and animists while the government is dominated by Muslims. In the Central African Republic (CAR), a Muslim rebellion ousted a Christian-dominated government; the ensuing turmoil escalated into bloody confrontations between Muslim and Christian militias and left thousands of civilians dead. Supporting countries like Mali or Nigeria in their fight against religious extremists is necessary. Find out more about saving content to . It is true that religious ideas and religious identities can be a powerful source of mobilisation; however, that does not convincingly exclude religion as part of the causal logic especially in the deeply religious region of sub-Saharan Africa. Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania, Nationalism versus Ethnic Identity in Sub-Saharan Africa, The Political Economy of Civil Islam in Cte dIvoire, Islamic Democracy? But in the same breath he underlines the fact that this does not remove legitimacy away from genuine practitioners of faith and their collective efforts to help move society forward. As the situation in the Central African Republic deteriorates, Archbishop Nzapalainga says the conflict isn't between Muslims and Christians. 2021. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. In the book religious identity preferences in Africa are described as rule-based identities characterized by religious rules that are subject to interpretation and change. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org International actors should support African governments, but sustainable policies will be in vain if they do not build on African efforts and capacity. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Usage data cannot currently be displayed. According to the conditions of the Creative-Commons license Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0, this publication may be freely duplicated, circulated, and made accessible to the public. It is important to recognise that armed religious conflicts are international challenges. In this book McCauley presents an overview of a comprehensive study on violent communal and civil conflicts across Africa. Pew Research Center (2010), Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa, www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/executive-summary-is lam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/ (15 May 2017). Prevention is of course preferable, but the use of force is sometimes necessary in order to protect potential victims. In Nigeria, for instance, the Interfaith Mediation Centre has been facilitating dialogue between Christians and Muslims (Interfaith Mediation Centre 2017). of your Kindle email address below. David Moses, a trader in Nigeria, says that "even in religion itself, there is corruption. Western governments must also find a balance between development and security and integrate their efforts into a sound Africa strategy (see, e.g., Kappel 2017). African Traditional Religion (ATR) seems to be less connected to organised violence this faith is sometimes apparently linked to unorganised forms such as ritual murder and witch killings. Figure 1 shows the relative share of interreligious and theological conflicts from 1960 to 2013. (eds), Friedensgutachten 2014, Mnster: LIT-Verlag, 180195. Beatty Riedl, Rachel Culture, Conflict Resolution and Peace Nexus For African culture to play its role as the solution, the underlying causes of conflict have to be discerned. Regarding interreligious conflicts, countries with mixed religious populations in coastal countries in West and East Africa are at risk of an escalation into violence, as has been the case in Ethiopia, Cte dIvoire, Sudan, and the Central African Republic. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Decision makers in and outside Africa should keep an eye out for the import of extremist religious ideas and counter them by spreading the peaceful teachings of religion. This publication strategy ensures that people all around the world have equal opportunities to keep up with scholarly advances. Kappel, Robert (2017), Deutschlands neue Afrikapolitik vor dem Aufbruch, GIGA Focus Afrika, 1, Hamburg: GIGA, www.giga-hamburg.de/de/publikation/deutschlands-neue-afrikapolitik-vor-dem-aufbruch (6 June 2017). If international actors sacrifice long-term goals in favour of short-term necessities or pure self-interest, their efforts are likely to be in vain. In Ghana, a country thus far largely spared from religious armed conflicts and terrorist attacks, civil society actors have launched an initiative to prevent the radicalisation of Muslims through the Internet and other channels (Tagesschau 2017); similar efforts exist in other countries (UNDP 2016). There are signs, however, that this might be changing. Could religion be the underlying problem? Could religion be the underlying problem? Indeed the realities of corruption and endemic conflicts are a stark contradiction to thecore tenets of Africa's twomajor religions, Islam and Christianity, which both advocate morality and decencyfor those working in public office. Muslim scholar Arabi takes that idea even one step further, saying that everyone has the power to act as a role model in his or her own faith: "If you apply (religious principles)strictly, according to the way the religion wants them to be applied, you will always end up with blessings and not a curse. There are no easy solutions. 7.2 Theoretical Framework: Realistic Conflict Group Theory Versus Social Identity Theory Wedistinguishbetweenfourtypesofcausesthatmayleadtointerreligious conflict. The Islamist rebels were also reinforced by mercenaries formerly with the Libyan forces, who fled Libya after the fall of Gaddafi. Smith, Amy Erica On the whole, Muslims and Islam in sub-Saharan Africa have traditionally been peaceful and moderate. The book broadens our understanding of African identity politics, showing us why in instances of violent conflict, parties remain the same, but the cause of the conflict transforms (ethnic to religious). Tagesschau (2017), Projekt in Ghana. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. For many believers, religion plays a major role in informing government decisions whether there is an official state religion or not. The book broadens our understanding of African identity politics, showing us why in . German Institute for Global and Area Studies | Leibniz-Institut fr Globale und Regionale Studien. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-53174-4 Nutzungsbedingungen: Conflicts in the region are often viewed as either 'tribal' or 'Muslim-Christian', seemingly rooted in deep-seated ethnic or religious hatreds. The survey appears to supportthe prevailing narrative that the most aggressively religious nations tend to be the least developed. Furthermore, Iran helped to create a radical Shiite minority in Nigeria. In Mali, Nigeria, and Somalia Islamist rebels are fighting largely secular governments. At the Security, Peace and Development in Africa conference in March 2017 jointly organised by Germanys defence and development cooperation ministries ministers and various speakers alike stressed that both security and development are part of the solution to religious conflict. In Africa, the culture of conflict and violence stems from tribal or 3 ethnic, religious, regional, racial differences and class divide. Researcher Matthias Basedau says weak African states are a major cause. Book description. Interfaith Mediation Centre (2017), Official Website, www.imc-nigeria.org/ (18 July 2017). This distinction between motive and capacity roughly translates into the distinction between security and development. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Philosophy. The author explains that ethnic identity in Africa is associated with a homeland and local material well-being, whereas religious identities are associated with moral policies. "The two major religions in Nigeria are Islam and Christianityand neither have ever preached anything that has to do with corruption in any way at all,"says engineer Ashafa Shiru. These are African Religions (Afrel), Christianity and Islam. I cannot estimate if religion has helped or not because it is part of the system, a corrupt system.". Bejan, Teresa M. Yet, as this book explains, those labels emerge as a function of political mobilization. In the Pan-Sahel Initiative five Sahelian countries and the United States intend to fight terrorism. South Africa finds itself in a severe crisis that has serious implications for its neighbours. This Focus deals with the question of how the changing global dynamics are allowing Iran and Turkey to boost their ties across the African continent. Discussing instrumentalisation rather points to the fact that religious and non-religious factors mix. For example, the original leader of Boko Haram was apparently assassinated while in the custody of the Nigerian police, turning him into a martyr. In those countries no more than a maximum of 14 per cent openly supported IS; however, the actual number of supporters could be higher given the uneasy finding that at least 20 per cent answered the same question with dont know. At least initially, Boko Haram probably had more support among the population in Nigerias northern states. And when that interpretation is detrimental to the tenets of the faith, it will likely be detrimental to the members of society as well. Ancient Near East and Egypt. 06/29/2021 African countries are seen as being both deeply religious and underdeveloped. Hundreds of churches, mosques, hotels, and other related businesses as well as vehicles, private homes, and schools are destroyed. The Islamist rebels in these countries have ties to global groups like al-Qaida and the Islamic State (IS). See below. Muhsin Hendricks is gay, and he believes that homosexuality is not only compatible with Islam, but also integral to it. For the most part, the religious values and norms within Islam, Christianity, and other faiths are actually in favour of peace. Although conflicts are often caused by a variety of other factors, such as ethnicity and race, religion has also been at the heart of much of today's atrocities on the continent. External support for religious extremism from countries in North Africa and the Middle East poses a special problem. "Mother Theresa of Calcutta took her prayers into the streets of Calcutta, and brought about the integral development of the human person. In fact, they accounted for more than 40 per cent of armed conflicts in 2013 the last year of systematic observation in the data set. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the terrible legacy of deliberately divisive and destructive policies that have perpetuated inequality, discrimination, and oppression across Sub-Saharan Africa, Amnesty International said in its annual report published today. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. This school of thought cannot rule out the fact that leaders are true believers and does not explain a range of behaviour for instance, religious extremists dehumanising those they attack as infidels and apostates or killing themselves in suicide bombings. Lessons from a Comparative Study of Ghana and Cte dIvoire, Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies, Religion, Trade, and Politics on the Slave Coast: Roman Catholic Missions in Alladah and Whydah in the Seventeenth Century, Tenure Policy toward Common Property Natural Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa, Les Politiques dAffrontement en Cte dIvoire, 19992003, Cte dIvoire, LAnne Terrible: 1999-2000, War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process, Tribalism and Ethnicity in Africa: A Review of Four Decades of Anglophone Research, Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention. But whether religion plays arole in Africa's development prospects byanymeasure or standard, isnevertheless part of an ongoing conversation across the continent. The first debate concerns the role of religion and particular faiths. ON THE ECONOMIC MOTIVATION FOR CONFLICT IN AFRICA Tony Addison (a)Philippe Le Billon (b)S. Mansoob Murshed (a), (c) * World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) of the UnitedNations University, Katajanokanlaituri 6B, FIN-00160, Helsinki, Finland Overseas Development Institute, London Theological armed conflicts are also often Islamist conflicts, as can be seen in Nigeria or Somalia. Cynthia Banda in Malawi believes in miracles and has faith thatthe ultimate solution to all societal problems lies in the hand of God. 2019. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. The new US president has promised a fundamental change in American foreign policy. In Somalia, more than 30,000 have perished since the early 1990s. Governments and civil society, especially religious leaders and faith-based organisations, must join forces to isolate hardcore extremists. The conflict in Ogaden, Ethiopia, is mainly interreligious, i.e. "It does not cancel the fact that religion contributes to development. This book explains why conflicts in Africa are sometimes ethnic and sometimes religious, and why a conflict might change from ethnic to religious even as the opponents remain fixed. Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views for chapters in this book. Saudi Arabia, in particular, is also another possible source of ideological radicalisation, spreading the fundamentalist version of Wahabi Islam through oil money and other channels (Dorsey 2017; see also Kovacs 2014). What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter? Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, Journal of the European Economic Association, Probing the Dynamic of Communal Conflict in Northern Nigeria, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World, Agriculture, Liberalization, and Economic Growth in Ghana and Cte dIvoire: 19601990, Ethnies et Espaces: Pour une Anthropologie Topologique, Au Cur de LEthnie: Ethnies, Tribalisme et Etat en Afrique, An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, Land Relations under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Constitutional Discourse and the Civil War in the Sudan, The Benefits of Experimental Methods for the Study of Campaign Effects, Patronage and Political Stability in Africa, Les Deux Etats: Pouvoir et Socit en Occident et en Terre dIslam, Imperialism and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria, 19601996, Political Polarization over Governance in Cte dIvoire, Governance as Conflict Management: Politics and Violence in West Africa, When Politicians Cede Control of Resources: Land, Chiefs, and Coalition-Building in Africa, Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision, Cte dIvoire: Patriotism, Ethnonationalism, and Other African Modes of Self-Writing, Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes, The Religious Sources of Islamic Terrorism, Hometown Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria, Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Nord Musulman et Sud Chretien: Les Moules Mdiatiques de la Crise Iviorienne, Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa, Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa, State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas, The Process of Government: A Study of Social Pressures, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion, The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, Ancestral Property: Land, Politics, and the Deeds of the Ancestors in Ghana and Cote dIvoire, Contesting Land and Custom in Ghana: State, Chief, and Citizen, Land Scarcity, Distribution, and Conflict in Rwanda, Scarcity and Surfeit: The Ecology of Africas Conflicts, From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda, Can Employment Reduce Lawlessness and Rebellion? Renewalist Christianity and the Political Saliency of LGBTs: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. The author posits that Africans have multiple identities (ethnic and religious), and in the case of civil and communal conflict, political elites can manipulate those in conflict to exploit religious or ethnic tension, as necessary to fuel ongoing violence. Muslim scholar Bakari Arabi from Nigeria, for example,stresses that in his view "religion is always a blessing. The Gospel Beyond the West, Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa, CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomized Trials, A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution, Northern Sudanese Political Parties and the Civil War, Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science, From the House of War: John Simpson in the Gulf, The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions, The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana, One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism, A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, The Social Identity Theory of Inter-group Behavior, The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory, Getting Religion? Reverend Jude Thaddeus Langeh, the Provincial Superior of the Claretian Missionaries in Cameroon, defends the role of faith in development, for example in education, arguingthat "you cannot talk of intellectual development, without talking about the monks.". Political Islam in Western Africa, Native Conversion to Islam in Southern Cte dIvoire, Neopatrimonialism and the Political Economy of Economic Performance in Africa: Critical Reflections, Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars, LIslam Noir: Une Religion la Conqute de lAfrique, Experimental Political Science and the Study of Causality: From Nature to the Lab, Religious Identity in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Identity Transformation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Economic Aspects of the Nigerian Civil War, Self-Determination beyond the Colonial Context: Biafra in Retrospect, Not a Miracle After All Cte dIvoires Downfall: Flawed Civil-Military Relations and Missed Opportunities, Tradition, Culture, and Development in Africa: Historical Lessons for Modern Development Planning, Religious Demography and Conflict: Lessons from Cte dIvoire and Ghana, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, The State, Conflict, and Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Blaming the Gods: Christian Religious Propaganda in the Nigeria-Biafra War, The Islamist Challenge: Nigerias Boko Haram Crisis Explained, Boko Haram and the Evolving Salafi Jihadist Threat in Nigeria, Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, and Security, and the State in Nigeria, Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Armed Conflicts, Citizenship versus Ethnicity: The Role of Institutions in Shaping Identity Choice, In the Service of Power: The Ideological Struggle in the Arab World during the Gulf War, The First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 19551972, The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi, Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa, American Grace: How Religion Is Reshaping our Civic and Political Lives, Using Micro-Surveys to Measure and Explain Corruption, The Politics of History: The Legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria, Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone, American UniversityForeign Area Studies Press, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation, La Crise Vue den Bas Abidjan: Ethnicit, Gouvernance et Dmocratie. Languages and Linguistics. It seeks to examine African traditional religious and philosophical ideas as resources for the promotion of peace and justice and their implications for intra-state and inter-state conflict resolution activities. It is necessary to have the perception of the basic concept of the word "conflict" before exploring the extensive area of conflicts between African Traditional Religion and Christianity. Uncontrolled areas in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and Nigeria enable rebels to operate and to withdraw. The views and opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the institute. Some partner governments in Africa and elsewhere might be indispensable in terms of security operations but will hinder sound development in the long run. Athens: Ohio University Press. In this respect, it is vital to further and thoroughly study the complex causal logic of these conflicts. It does. and This is a carefully edited nine-chapter book. Non-religious causes cannot explain all these kinds of behaviour particular religious convictions can. These definitions are diverse and they all convey the single meaning of disagreement between the two or more religious groups. The paper used secondary sources of data and the following were found among others: ethno-religious affiliation is a common feature of typical African states/societies and all issues related to . First, policies need to address both the religious and non-religious causes. The concept of "open access" has empowered the GIGA to virtually eliminate the financial, technical, and legal barriers normally faced by many of those seeking to access the institutes research findings. Suicide Bombers: Are Psychological Profiles Possible? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War, Ethnicity and Political Crisis in Cte dIvoire, Immigration en Cte dIviore: La Notion de Seuil Tolrable Relve de la Xnophobie, Oil, British Interests, and the Nigerian Civil War, Being Igbo and Muslim: The Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria and Conversions to Islam, 1930s to Recent Times, Surviving in Biafra: The Story of the Nigerian Civil War, What Kind of Law Making in a Global World? Art History. That is a wrong use of religion.". In Mali, Nigeria, and Somalia jihadist organisations have staged rebellions and managed to at least temporarily control large parts of the territory of these states. That sentiment might be in line with Amartya Sen, whostresses that education is not only keyto developing human capital but also more valuable than any other commodity by which societies and their levels of development have historicallybeen judged, as it empowers the individuals. In Congo-Brazzaville, the so-called Ntsiloulous rebels led by the Protestant extremist Pasteur Ntoumi are also fighting a secular government. The second kind, theological armed conflicts, refer to violence between parties that are incompatible with regard to religious ideas for instance, the role of religion in the state. According to the UCDP, the conflict in Nigeria involving Boko Haram has claimed the lives of more than 20,000 people since 2009. Does development here mean "economic growth" or rather"a human development perspectivewhich (the Indian economist and philosopher) Amartya Sen would define as the 'ability to live a lifeone values'," asks Wall, who is examining how development is measured in his doctoral thesis. African religions, religious beliefs and practices of the peoples of Africa. Social, economic, and political development works in the long run and dries out the swamp from which the motivations of leaders and rank-and-file rebels emerge. Here are five. Muslim scholar Arabi, while acknowledging theendemic problem of corruption in African societies, argues that thisis not in line with the teachings of Islam. Ibrahim Can Sezgin, The logic of ethnic and religious conflict in Africa, African Affairs, Volume 117, Issue 468, July 2018, Pages 540542, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady027. The causes of these conflicts are not yet fully understood, though they appear to demonstrate a mixture of religious and secular roots. These data are then used to develop the hypothesis that ethnic and religious identities are separate concepts that evoke fundamentally different preferences in individuals that the political elite can exploit. She shares her line of thinking with fellow MalawianCharles Wahara who said: "It's important in these modern days to believe in miracles and to go to church. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Geographical hotspots of theological armed conflicts are the Sahel, Nigeria, and Somalia. The start of Joe Bidens presidency is therefore associated with considerable expectations in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also important to distinguish between motive and capacity. Intuitively, we always look at peoples motivations, their willingness to take up arms. Abstract This study examined the patterns or mechanism for conflict resolution in traditional African societies with particular reference to Yoruba and Igbo societies in Nigeria and Pondo tribe in South Africa. In Uganda Muslim rebels are fighting against the Christian and secular government though their Islamist orientation is unclear. Since the 1990s, the deadliness of armed conflict and other violence seems to have decreased in sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the world (Pinker 2011; Basedau and Mappes 2015). Haggai Erlich, in Islam & Christianity in the Horn of Africa, provides a clear portrayal of the complexities of Muslim-Christian relations in this region. Lessons from Nigeria, Cte dIvoire and Tanzania, Bad Religion? In the case of Africa, it makes sense to start in 1960 because very few countries were independent before then. The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict inAfrica, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login. The major causes of such armed ethnic conflicts in Africa continue to baffle both scholars and policymakers. These numbers only include direct battle-related deaths and not indirect deaths that result from worsened living conditions. Religious leaders, meanwhile, have to navigate their way through mindsets and cultures that represent such opposing anddivergent views. GIGA Focus International Edition English | 7/2014, Sign up to receive email notifications about GIGA activities, Specific Editions of the GIGA Focus Series, Thematic Editions of the GIGA Focus Series, GIGA Distinguished Speaker Lecture Series, GIGA Institute for Latin American Studies, www.giga-hamburg.de/de/publication/kriegskontinent-afrika-ein-klischee-auf-dem-prfstand, http://newsrescue.com/creating-frankenstein-saudi-arabias-ultra-conservative-footprint-africa-james-m-dorsey/#axzz4jDGVtreu, www.giga-hamburg.de/de/publikation/deutschlands-neue-afrikapolitik-vor-dem-aufbruch, www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/saudi-arabia-exporting-salafi-education-and-radicalizing-indonesias-muslims, www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/, www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/executive-summary-is lam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/in-nations-with-significant-muslim-populations-much-disdain-for-isis/, www.tagesschau.de/ausland/is-ghana-101.html, www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus, Growing State Fragility in the Sahel: Rethinking International Involvement, Muslim Countries Foreign Policy in the Sahel, Bolstering the Bromances: Turkeys and Irans Tightening Ties with Africa, Introduction: Institutions for Sustainable Peace?

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